But one question is presented for determination in this proceeding, viz.: Can a county of this state exercise the right of eminent domain to condemn land for use as a right of way for a portion of a state highway which has been designated as such by the state highway commission in conjunction with the board of county commissioners, and has been laid out as such by said state highway commission and approved by the federal authorities as a federal aid project, or is such right vested exclusively in the state highway commission?
The county of Broadwater sought to exercise that right and instituted an action in the district court for the purpose of obtaining a right of way across lands of relators herein for such purpose. The relators, as defendants in said action, appeared therein and by appropriate proceedings presented this question to the district court, which held that the county did have such right and in due course entered an order adjudging that the use for which the relators' property was sought to be appropriated was a public use, that the public interest required the taking of such land, and that the taking thereof was necessary, and in said order appointed commissioners to ascertain and assess the damages which would accrue to the relators by reason of the taking of their lands under such order.
Relators thereupon presented to this court their application for a writ prohibiting the district court of Broadwater county and the judge thereof from taking any further proceedings in the action and particularly from granting, making or entering any final order of condemnation of their lands therein.
Authority for a proceeding such as this is found in State exrel. McLeod v. District Court, 67 Mont. 164, 215 P. 240, and an alternative writ of prohibition was issued. In response thereto the respondents appeared by a motion to quash and the matter was submitted to this court for final determination on the relators' petition and this motion. *Page 231
The right to take private property from its owner against his[1] will can only be invoked pursuant to law, and there must always be a rigorous compliance with its provisions when this right is sought to be exercised (Glass v. Basin Mining Concentrating Co., 22 Mont. 151, 55 P. 1045; City of Helena v. Rogan, 26 Mont. 452, 68 P. 798), and authority for the exercise of such right must be clearly expressed in the law before it will be allowed (State ex rel. McLeod v. DistrictCourt, supra; 1 Elliott on Roads and Streets, 4th ed., sec. 218, p. 263).
Under the provisions of section 1612, Revised Codes 1921, "all[2] highways, roads, lanes, streets, alleys, courts, places, and bridges laid out or erected by the public, or now traveled or used by the public, or if laid out or erected by others, dedicated or abandoned to the public, or made such by the partition of real property, are public highways."
The term "highway" is the generic term for all kinds of public ways (vol. 2, Bouv. Law Dict., p. 1438), and the phrase "public highway" is a tautological expression, since all highways are necessarily public (Jenkins v. Chicago A.R. Co.,27 Mo. App. 578).
Section 1613, Revised Codes 1921, classifies the highways of this state as follows: "Public highways in this state shall hereafter be classed as common highways, main highways, and state highways. All highways which are not established or improved in the manner hereinafter provided for state highways, shall be common or public highways. Common or public highways shall be such as are established or improved in the manner provided by Chapter IV of this Act (1635-1651)."
The above section appears as section 4, Chapter 1, of Chapter 172 of the Session Laws of 1917, page 439, which amended the then existing general highway law and added thereto a chapter (now embraced in sections 1676 to 1702, Revised Codes 1921), providing for the laying out and construction of highways in certain districts, which were designated as main highways. *Page 232
The seeming classification of such main highways as common or public highways in section 1613, supra, is of no importance in the consideration of the matter now before us, since we are concerned only with those which are established and maintained as state highways in the manner provided by law and those which are designated as common or public highways (not including main highways). All public highways of the state are included in one of the classes enumerated in this section. The only apparent purpose of the above classification is to designate the manner in which the highways falling into the different classes shall be established or improved.
On the part of the respondents it is urged that under the provision of section 4465, Revised Codes 1921, as amended by Chapter 54, page 91 of the Session Laws of 1927, which grants to the board of county commissioners the power, under such limitations and restrictions as are prescribed by law: "4. To lay out, maintain, control, and manage public highways, ferries and bridges, within the county, * * *" and section 1622, Revised Codes 1921, as amended by Session Laws of 1925, page 223, which says, "The board of county commissioners of the several counties of the state have general supervision over the highways within their respective counties," and subdivisions 3, 5, 6 and 8 of the same Act, which provide, respectively: "3. They must cause to be surveyed, viewed, laid out, recorded, opened, worked, and maintained such highways as are necessary for public convenience, as in this act provided. * * * 5. They must contract, agree for, purchase, or otherwise lawfully acquire the right of way over private property for the use of public highways, and for that purpose institute, when necessary, proceeding under sections 9933 to 9958 of the Code of Civil Procedure, paying for such right of way from the general road fund of the county. * * * 6. They may, in their discretion, but subject to the limitation and provisions in the Constitution and Codes provided, issue bonds upon the faith and credit of the county for the construction or improvements of main highways, state highways, and *Page 233 bridges. * * * 8. They may, in their discretion, cause to be done whatever may be necessary for the best interests of the roads and road districts of their several counties" — the county, acting through the board of county commissioners, has the power to condemn a right of way for a state highway.
None of the above cited provisions assumes to make any change in the classification of highways established by section 1613, supra, and that classification still remains.
Sections 1613 and 1622 are parts of the same Act (Chapter 172, Session Laws 1917, p. 439), and the entire Act must be construed together and its provisions harmonized, if possible.
Subdivisions 6 and 8 of section 1622, above quoted, are merely permissive and do not undertake to grant any power to establish highways or to exercise the right of eminent domain.
Subdivision 3 is a command to the board of county commissioners to exercise the power conferred upon them by section 4465 to cause to be laid out, opened and maintained public highways, within the "limitations and restrictions * * * prescribed by law," and subdivision 5 contains their authority to acquire and pay for the rights of way for the highways which they may so cause to be laid out, opened, maintained, etc. But subdivision 3 authorizes the board of county commissioners to cause highways to be laid out, opened, maintained, etc., "as provided in this Act." To determine what is meant by "as provided in this Act," reference must be made to section 1613, the classification of highways made therein, and the methods by which they may be established.
It must be conceded that main highways can be established only in the method prescribed in sections 1676-1702, Revised Codes 1921, and section 1683 specifically grants to the board of county commissioners the right to obtain a right of way for such a highway by condemnation proceedings.
It is not here contended that the commissioners have the right to establish a state highway, the only contention made being that they have authority to procure a right of way therefor *Page 234 by condemnation proceedings, after such highway has been approved, laid out and established.
Eliminating main highways and state highways, there are left amongst those enumerated in section 1613 only the ones designated as common or public highways, which are declared to be those established as provided in sections 1635 to 1651, Revised Codes 1921. The proceeding prescribed by these sections is initiated by the filing of a petition with the board of county commissioners, signed by any ten, or a majority, of the freeholders of a road district, taxable therein for road purposes. The filing of this petition confers jurisdiction upon the commissioners to take the additional steps which lead up to the final establishment and opening of the highway. One of these steps is the ascertainment and payment of resultant damages to persons whose property is taken or damaged by reason of establishing such highway. (Sec. 1639.)
Section 1641 provides that if any award of damages made by the board be not accepted within twenty days from the date of the award, it "must by order, direct proceedings to procure the right of way to be instituted by the county attorney of the county as provided by sections 9933 to 9958 of the Code of Civil Procedure, against all nonaccepting landowners."
The two sections last referred to, sections 1639 and 1641, provide the method by which the board may invoke the power granted by subdivision 6 of section 1622 to procure the right of way for a highway established by it, and the conditions under which it may exercise the right to secure the same if it cannot be otherwise obtained.
Aside from the sections last above considered, and section 1683, supra, granting the right in connection with establishing a main highway, no statute granting to the board of county commissioners the power to exercise the right of eminent domain to obtain a right of way for a highway has been called to our attention, and we have found none. It is believed that none exists.
The complaint in the case of Broadwater county against these relators contains a resolution adopted by the board of *Page 235 county commissioners of the county, reciting that it is necessary and desirable, and that public necessity and convenience demand, that a public highway be opened across the lands of the relators, and directing the county attorney of the county to bring the necessary proceedings to condemn a right of way therefor; and it is contended by the respondents that the adoption of this resolution was all that was required in order to authorize the proceeding to be maintained. This contention is based upon the following language in section 1641, supra: "When the board of county commissioners direct the institution of such proceedings the failure of the board of county commissioners to give any notices, or to do any act or thing necessary to be done, as provided in the preceding sections of this Chapter, shall in no manner affect or invalidate said proceedings to procure the right of way, nor shall such failure to give any notice as hereinbefore provided be considered by the court as a defense in any proceedings instituted for the purpose of procuring said right of way and such proceedings when instituted, shall be had and taken as separate and apart from any act of the board of county commissioners hereinbefore mentioned, provided that the fact that rights of way sought to be secured shall have been declared by resolution of the board of county commissioners as necessary and desirable for the construction of a public highway shall be made to appear."
The quoted language is not susceptible to the construction placed upon it by counsel for the respondents, as the right to institute the proceedings referred to in section 1641 is dependent upon the filing of a petition as prescribed in section 1635, and no such petition was filed in this instance.
In this connection counsel call attention to certain statements made in the opinion of this court in the case ofReid v. Lincoln County, 46 Mont. 31, at page 64,125 P. 429, to the effect that the board of county commissioners of a county has power on its own initiative to establish highways when necessary. The language immediately following this statement shows that the same was not deemed essential to the opinion and that it was inserted only by way of argument. It is *Page 236 therefore not binding as a precedent, although it is entitled to respect as the opinion of the judge who made it. Under our statute and the authorities generally, we are of opinion that no such power is lodged with the board of county commissioners, and for this reason the statement above referred to is expressly disapproved.
The right to establish highways resides primarily in the[3] legislature and may be exercised only in such manner as the legislature has prescribed. (29 C.J., p. 399, sec. 39;Gooding Highway Dist. v. Idaho Irr. Dist., 30 Idaho, 232,164 P. 99.) In all cases the statute governs, and where a particular mode of procedure is provided, that mode must, of course, be substantially pursued. (1 Elliott on Roads and Streets, 4th ed., sec. 369.)
At the extraordinary session of the legislative assembly held[4] in 1921, an Act was adopted establishing a state highway commission, prescribing its powers and duties, assenting to the Federal Aid Road Act (U.S. Comp. Stats., sec. 7477a et seq.), authorizing the state highway commission to co-operate with the United States government in the construction of roads and bridges, and repealing all Acts in conflict therewith. (Session Laws (Ex. Sess.) 1921, p. 752.)
Section 15 of this Act, now section 1797, Revised Codes 1921, reads as follows: "The state highway commission shall have the power and authority to acquire by purchase or otherwise necessary rights of way for state highways and to lay out, alter, construct, improve and maintain highways in the state of Montana, * * * and the state highway commission shall have the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain in the name of the state for any of the above mentioned purposes. Whenever it shall be deemed necessary by the commission to secure the rights of way as herein provided, * * * and the same cannot be acquired by purchase, the commission may direct the attorney general or any county attorney in any county in the state to procure the rights of way or deposits of road-building materials by proceedings to be instituted in the manner as provided in sections 9933 to 9958 of the Code *Page 237 of Civil Procedure against all nonaccepting landholders and when thereunder the right of way is procured, the road must be declared public highway and open in the manner provided by law."
Under this section the power to exercise the right of eminent domain to obtain a right of way for a state highway is lodged with the state highway commission, to be exercised in the name of the state upon direction of the state highway commission to the attorney general or a county attorney. There is nothing in the Act to indicate that this power should be divided with any other public body, and in our opinion it is exclusively in the state highway commission.
Respondents make the further contention that the grant of this[5] power to the state highway commission is ineffective for the reason that under the statute this commission is not authorized to pay out any of its funds for obtaining a right of way. In this we think they are in error. Section 1799, Revised Codes 1921, provides that for the purpose of carrying the provisions of the State Highway Commission Act into effect, two separate and distinct funds are created, one of which is designated as a "state highway fund" and the other as a "state highway trust fund." The latter fund is credited "with all moneys received from the counties, and from the federal government or other agencies for expenditure by the commission in connection with the actual construction of specific projects"; but the "state highway fund" now receives all moneys collected by the state under the provisions of initiative measure No. 31, adopted by the people at the general election of 1926 (Session Laws, 20th Session, 1927, p. 604). This Act provides that all money collected and deposited in the state highway fund shall be expended by the commission in the construction, reconstruction, betterment, maintenance, administration and engineering of the federal highway system of highways in this state, selected and designated under the provisions of the federal aid Acts and amendments thereto.
Counsel for respondents concede that the term "construct" would ordinarily include obtaining a right of way, as a right *Page 238 of way is a necessary incident to a highway, but contend that because the federal statute defines "construction" to mean "the supervising, inspecting, actual building, and all expenses incidental to the construction of a highway, except locating, surveying, mapping, and costs of rights of way" (Fed. Stats. Ann. 1921, Supp., p. 95 [23 U.S.C.A., sec. 2; U.S. Comp. Stats., sec. 7477 1/4a]), the same meaning must be attributed to the word in the interpretation of our section 1799, supra.
While the definition of the word "construction" contained in the federal Act excludes the expenditure of moneys obtained from the federal government in defraying the cost of obtaining a right of way for a federal aid highway, the initiative measure above referred to did not adopt the definition of the word "construction" contained in the federal Act, although following its language in some other respects.
By the provisions of section 1799, supra, the moneys received from the federal government, which may be used by the state highway commission for the purpose of carrying the state highway Act into effect, are placed in a fund separate and distinct from the funds derived from the sources specified in the initiative measure, and the latter may be used for the purpose of carrying the state highway Act into effect, unhampered by the restrictive definition contained in the federal Act.
Entertaining the view that the district court could not enter a valid judgment in the case of Broadwater county against these relators, we think the case falls within the rule heretofore announced by this court in State ex rel. McLeod v. DistrictCourt, supra, and the cases therein cited, and it is ordered that a peremptory writ of prohibition issue as prayed for.
Writ granted.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES MYERS, MATTHEWS and GALEN concur. *Page 239