There is no denying the fact that Williams was an accomplice of defendant, and in order to convict he must be corroborated by other evidence, and the court erred in refusing to give instruction No. 1, requested by the defendant, to the *Page 24 effect that the jury could not convict upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. (16 C.J. 947, 962; 1 R.C.L. 173, 176;Hicks v. State, 126 Tenn. 359, 149 S.W. 1055; Sheppard v.State, 63 Tex. Cr. 569, 140 S.W. 1090; Snelling v. State,57 Tex. Cr. 416, 123 S.W. 610; Winfield v. State,44 Tex. Cr. 475, 72 S.W. 182; Hatcheh v. State, 43 Tex. Cr. 237,65 S.W. 97; People v. Kraker, 72 Cal. 459, 1 Am. St. Rep. 65, 14 P. 196; People v. Coffee, 161 Cal. 433, 39 L.R.A. (n.s.) 704,119 P. 901; Robinson v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. 54, 60 Am. St. Rep. 20, 43 S.W. 526; Stewart v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. 174, 60 Am. St. Rep. 35, 32 S.W. 766.) Witness Percy Williams was not an accomplice. (12 Cyc. 445;Commonwealth v. Follansbee, 155 Mass. 274, 29 N.E. 471;Cross v. People, 47 Ill. 152, 95 Am. Dec. 474; Sizemore v.Commonwealth (Ky.), 6 S.W. 123; State v. Slothower,56 Mont. 230, 182 P. 270; State ex rel. Webb v. DistrictCourt, 37 Mont. 191, 15 Ann. Cas. 743, 95 P. 593; Ex parteBowman, 38 Nev. 484, 151 P. 517; State v. Dalton, 65 Wash. 663,118 P. 829.) Even if witness Williams was an accomplice, no prejudicial error was committee by the trial court in refusing the appellant's offered instruction, for the reason that there was ample evidence to warrant a conviction without the testimony of Williams, and the testimony of Williams was corroborated in every respect. The defendant, John A. Smith, has appealed from the judgment pronounced on his conviction of the crime of giving intoxicating liquor to minors.
The evidence adduced on the trial, briefly stated, is as follows: One Percey Williams testified that on the morning of March 7, 1925, at the request of defendant, he went from Virginia City to Laurin, where he procured from a person *Page 25 to whom he was directed by defendant, a one-gallon jug of moonshine whisky, placing it in a traveling bag furnished by defendant for that purpose and charging the whisky to defendant, and that, on his return to Virginia City, he was accompanied to defendant's cabin by one Joe Judge. Both Williams and Judge testified that Williams then delivered the jug to defendant, who opened it, took a drink himself, and gave each of the witnesses a drink and put the jug away; whereupon the witnesses left the cabin. Each of these witnesses testified that he returned to defendant's cabin in the afternoon, brought no liquor with him, but proceeded to drink with defendant from his supply; that while they were thus engaged, one Robert Allen, a boy seventeen years of age, was seen approaching, whereupon defendant stated that he wanted to see young Allen, and requested Williams to call the boy in. Allen entered in response to the call, and thereafter drank from a bottle sitting on the table. Later defendant requested young Allen to go after one Joe Gillipsie, a youth of twenty years; Gillipsie was brought to the cabin, and the whole party continued drinking. When the first bottle was emptied, a second was produced from the mattress at the foot of defendant's bed, and when this was emptied defendant took it to a rear room and returned it to the table full of moonshine whisky stating, "There is plenty more of it." Both boys became drunk, and were expelled from the cabin by defendant. After an investigation was instituted, the defendant accused each of the boys of informing against him.
Defendant did not deny the testimony concerning the drinking party, but denied that he, personally, gave liquor to the boys, and denied that he sent Williams for the jug of liquor or instructed him to call young Allen to the cabin; he contended that the liquor belonged to Williams. The defense introduced some evidence as to defendant's good reputation in the community; young Allen, then, on rebuttal, told of another occasion when defendant invited him to the cabin and gave him four drinks of moonshine whisky. *Page 26
Defendant makes but two specifications of error, to-wit: (1) The evidence is insufficient to support the judgment, in that there is no evidence tending to connect the defendant with the crime charged, other than that of Percy Williams, an accomplice. (2) The court erred in refusing to instruct the jury, on defendant's request, to the effect that a defendant cannot be convicted upon the uncorroborated evidence of an accomplice.
1. Defendant's contention, as to the first assignment, is[1] that, as there is no direct evidence showing that defendant actually handed the liquor to Allen, it devolved upon the state to prove that defendant was the owner of the whisky, and that this proof was furnished from the lips of Williams, an accomplice in procuring the liquor. This argument is fallacious; the procuration of the liquor was an independent transaction, and was closed when Williams left the cabin after delivery to defendant.
There is no intimation that Williams had any knowledge that defendant intended to give any portion of the liquor to minors, and if in fact the defendant did give liquor to a minor, it was immaterial whether, at the time, he was the owner of the liquor so given or was merely entertaining at another's expense. The only question for determination was: Did Smith give to a minor? On this question, while no witness testified that defendant handed liquor to young Allen, it was clearly shown that he was the host at a drinking party in his home; he had liquor in his bed as well as on his table, and a main supply in a rear room over which he had dominion and control; for, when the supply on the table was exhausted, he refilled the bottle and replaced it within reach of his young guests, stating that there was "plenty more of it." Thus there was sufficient evidence to warrant a verdict of guilty of the crime charged had the man Williams not appeared at the trial at all.
2. With reference to whether Williams was an accomplice of the[2, 3] defendant in giving liquor to young Allen, had the evidence shown that defendant directed Williams to call Allen in for the purpose of giving him a drink and that Williams had *Page 27 obeyed the direction, intending that Allen should join the party, Williams might be equally guilty with defendant and, hence, an accomplice. But, according to the evidence, all that was said by defendant was that he wanted to see Allen, who was then called in by Williams. This testimony falls short of proof constituting Williams an accomplice of the defendant in the commission of the crime charged in the information. "The test to determine whether one is an accomplice is to ascertain whether he could be indicted for the offense for which the accused is being tried" (12 Cyc. 445), or, as was stated by this court, "To constitute a witness for the state an `accomplice' he must have entertained a criminal intent common with that which moved the defendant to commit the crime with which he stood charged, or, not having been present at its commission, must have advised and encouraged it." (State v.Slothower, 56 Mont. 230, 182 P. 270; State ex rel. Webb v.District Court, 37 Mont. 191, 15 Ann. Cas. 743, 95 P. 593.) Mere presence, acquiescence or silence, in the absence of a duty to act, is not enough, no matter how reprehensible it may be, to constitute one an accomplice. (1 R.C.L. 157, and cases cited.)
3. Even conceding that Williams was an accomplice, the[4] evidence was amply sufficient to justify a conviction under the well-known rule as to corroboration, to-wit, the corroboration is sufficient if "unaided by the testimony of the accomplice, it tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense." (State v. Bolton, 65 Mont. 74,212 P. 504; State v. Biggs, 45 Mont. 400, 123 P. 410;State v. Stevenson, 26 Mont. 332, 67 P. 1001.)
4. The question as to whether a witness for the state is an[5, 6] accomplice is — unless such fact is undisputed — for the jury, under proper instruction by the court (State v.Slothower, above), and where the evidence is conflicting or doubtful, either as to this fact or as to corroboration, the court should not invade the province of the jury. (16 C.J. 947.) The instruction requested was merely a general rule of law as to corroboration, based upon section 11988, Revised Codes of 1921, without *Page 28 preliminary instruction as to what constitutes a witness an accomplice, or accompanied by an instruction as to what corroboration would take the case out of the rule. Under the case as made, such an instruction was unnecessary, would have served no good purpose, and might have tended to confuse, rather than to enlighten, the jury, and therefore its refusal did not constitute prejudicial error.
No prejudicial error appearing in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES HOLLOWAY, GALEN and STARK concur.