We submit that the finding of the lower court that the original contract was by common consent abandoned is not supported by the record nor by the testimony of any of the witnesses, nor does it follow as a matter of form from any of the facts admitted in evidence. Wood v. Etiwanda Water Co. (Cal.),81 P. 512; Mallet v. Uncle Sam Mining Co., 1 Nev. 188; McAllister-Coman Co. v. Matthews, 52 So. 416; Ingham Lumber Co. v. Ingersoll, 125 S.W. 139; Morrow v. Campbell, 31 Am. Dec. 704; Falls v. Carpenter, 28 Am. Dec. 592; Smith v. Lewis,24 Conn. 624, 63 Am. Dec. 180; Hood v. Smiley, 36 P. 856; Gray v. Jones et al. (Ore.), 81 P. 813.
In the face of the contract which is in evidence, containing a clause whereby the contractor agrees to hold the owner free from liability for liens, he cannot himself enforce a lien, and has, by the terms of his contract, waived any right to a lien. It follows, therefore, that all liens which the court found invalid in so far as the subcontractors and materialmen are concerned and which were included in the plaintiff's lien and reestablished through plaintiff, the general contractor, cannot *Page 136 legally be allowed to stand. Hand Mfg. Co. v. Marks, 52 P. 512, 53 P. 1072, 59 P. 549; Spears v. Lawrence (Wash.), 38 P. 1049; 2 Jones on Liens (2d ed.), paragraph 1500; Phillips on Liens, paragraph 272; Long v. Caffrey, 93 Pa. 526; Sheid v. Rapp, 15 A. 652; Taylor v. Murphy, 23 A. 1134; Pinning Bros. v. Skipper, 18 A. 659.
On the claim of E.W. Hooper for architect services, it is shown by the record that Mr. Paterson employed Mr. Hooper on his own initiative, without any thought that he was to be employed by Mr. Condos. In the states that hold, as did the Nevada court in Holtzman v. Bennett, 48 Nev. 284, 229 P. 1097, that "a lien cannot be asserted except where authorized by statute," architects have no lien. Raeder v. Bensbert, 6 Mo. App. 445; Nelson v. Withrow, 14 Mo. App. 276; Murphy v. Murphy,22 Mo. App. 22; Faushee v. Grigsby (Ky.), 12 Bush 76; Railroad Co. v. Louffer, 84 Pa. St. 171; Railway Co. v. Baker, 14 Kan. 563; Nelson v. Withrow, 14 Mo. App. 270; Mining Co. v. Smith, 1 Or. 171; Alder v. Exposition Co., 18 N.E. 811; Thompson v. Baxter,92 Tenn. 305, 21 S.W. 668; Stephens v. Hicks, 72 S.E. 313; Ames v. Dyer, 41 Maine 397; Winder v. Caldwell, 14 L.Ed. 492; Davis v. Alford, 94 U.S. 537.
We submit that the claim of lien of R.L. Seltzer was filed too late and should be dismissed.
It was admitted during the course of the trial that the H.P. Fischer Tile Marble Company had not complied with chapter 156, Stats. of 1923, p. 271, and we assert, therefore, that it cannot maintain its action.
Subcontractor I. Christensen relied upon the personal credit of the contractor, Paterson, and is, therefore, not entitled to a lien. Deatherage et al. v. Henderson et al., 23 P. 1052; Wagner v. Darby et al., 30 P. 475.
We contend that J.R. Bradley Company, not having dealt with Condos, the owner of the building, nor with Paterson, the general contractor, but having dealt with a subcontractor, Pelizzari, who was purchasing large amounts of material from it from time to time, is not entitled to a lien against the premises of the owner, who *Page 137 is three times removed from the claimant. Footman v. Pusey,45 Ga. 561; Ryan Drug Co. v. Rowe, 69 N.W. 468; Tatum v. Cherry, 6 P. 715; Esslinger v. Huebner, 22 Wis. 632.
The Otis Elevator Company predicates its complaint to foreclose its claimed lien upon a claim of lien filed March 27, 1930, alleging that the work was completed on the 7th day of January, 1930. In the light of the testimony that the buildings were occupied and the elevator was in use during the last twenty days of December, 1929, it seems the claim was filed too late. Further, the Otis Elevator Company is estopped from filing a lien upon property which it has, by its own contract, classified as personal property.
The Otis Elevator Company is a foreign corporation and has not complied with the laws of the State of Nevada, and hence cannot maintain its action. Portland Co. v. Hall Grant Construction Co. et al., 106 N.Y. Supp., 649.
E.C. Short and Green Lunsford, for Respondent James G. Paterson, and Interveners and Respondents A.T. Eveleth Lumber Company, R.L. Seltzer, H.P. Fischer, I. Christensen, Otis Elevator Company, and John J. Pelizzari:
It is asserted by appellant that the estimate by Mr. Paterson for a certain building amounted to a contract. This estimate was never embodied in any contract and the appellant never signed any contract of any kind. Mr. Paterson testified and it is corroborated by the testimony of all the witnesses who did testify concerning it that the plans which had been drawn by Mr. Hooper had been almost entirely disregarded, and the building was not built according to any plans or specifications.
Was not the trial court justified in its findings that even though a contract at a flat price was made, that contract was abandoned and a new contract arose either by implication or the conduct of the parties? 9 C.J. 722; 6 Cal. Juris., sec. 225, pp. 373, 374; Sweatt v. Bonne (Wash.), 110 P. 617; Rhodes v. Clute (Utah), *Page 138 53 P. 990; Hollinsead v. Mactier (N.Y.), 13 Wend. 276; Bowell v. Draper (Iowa), 129 N.W. 54; Columbus Safety Deposit v. Burke, 88 Fed. 630; Smith v. Salt Lake City, 83 Fed. 784, 787; Webb v. Cobb, 172 Ark. 255, 288 S.W. 897.
Our contention is that there was no express contract made at a flat price, and that the only contract made was a contract on cost plus 10 per cent basis. But even if there were no contract the court did not err in awarding judgment on quantum meruit. The plaintiff may declare upon an express contract and still prove quantum meruit, or he may declare on quantum meruit and prove an express contract, in which case the express contract becomes the quantum meruit. Burgess v. Helm, 24 Nev. 242, 51 P. 1025.
The trial court had before it the verified lien claim and verified amended lien claim of Mr. Seltzer, the itemized bill of particulars and the evidence in relation to the date of completion of the work, from which the court found that the work was completed about December 15, 1929, and the claim of lien was filed and recorded January 20, 1930, from which it appears that the lien was filed within the period of fifty days after the completion of the work.
Mr. J.W. Snyder testified that H.P. Fischer conducted business under the name of H.P. Fischer Tile Marble Company as an individual, that it was neither a copartnership, corporation or association. We submit that compliance with section 4450 N.C.L. was not required, because the name of the owner of the business was fully disclosed and that it was no fictitious name or designation.
The fact that I. Christensen relied on Paterson for payment does not in any manner affect his right to a lien upon the premises for the work done within the period prescribed for filing the lien. Secs. 3735, 3739, 3745 N.C.L.; Richardson v. Hoole, 13 Nev. 492; Hunter v. Truckee Lodge, 14 Nev. 24; Lonkey v. Cook, 15 Nev. 58.
There was no duplication in the claims of Pelizzari *Page 139 and J.R. Bradley Company, and the satisfaction of the judgment according to its terms is simple, easy and clear, and involves a mere matter of computation. Holden v. Mensinger (Cal. Sup. Ct.), 165 P. 950.
The evidence clearly shows that the lien claim of Otis Elevator Company was filed within fifty days after the completion of the work. The filing of a lien waived any right of action to remove the elevator from the building. The trial court correctly found that the company was engaged in interstate commerce and was not required to comply with the statute relating to foreign corporations doing business within this state. S.F. Bowser and Company v. Savidusky, 154 Wis. 76, 142 N.W. 182; Puffer Mfg. Co. v. Kelly, 198 Ala. 131, 73 So. 403; J.C. Boss Engineering Co. v. Gunderson Brick and Tile Co., 209 N.W. 876; Southern Discount Co. v. Rose, 296 S.W. 482; The Aeolian Company v. Jacob Fischer,35 F.2d 34. Hooper alleged and proved and the court found that his services were performed at the request of Condos. And it has been definitely settled in this state by the case of State v. Breen,41 Nev. 516, 173 P. 555, that personal judgment may be rendered in a lien action where the necessary allegations in assumpsit appear and are sustained.
An architect, or one who draws plans and specifications for, and supervises the construction of a building in accordance therewith, is entitled to a lien under statutes similar to ours, by the great weight of authority and the better reasoning. 60 A.L.R. 1257; 5 C.J. 266; 40 C.J. 79; 2 R.C.L. 401. Subcontractor Pelizzari was the agent of the owner of the building, Condos, when he dealt with the materialmen, J.R. Bradley Company. Sec. 3735 N.C.L. *Page 140
In Hunter v. Truckee Lodge, 14 Nev. 24, the court held that the legislature intended to give subcontractors and materialmen direct liens upon the premises.
OPINION This is an action upon the quantum meruit to foreclose a mechanic's lien, in which materialmen and subcontractors joined. The defendant filed an answer in which he denied certain allegations of the complaint and pleaded affirmatively that an express contract was entered into to erect the building in question for the sum of $38,800, pursuant to certain plans and specifications. In his reply the plaintiff denied this affirmative allegation. The court entered its formal findings, wherein it found that the parties originally entered into the express contract pleaded in the answer, but that thereafter "* * * fifty seven changes were made in the building as contemplated by the original plans and specifications and the building was thereafter constructed practically without regard to either set of plans and specifications, and that the original offer and bid of plaintiff to construct said building was abandoned with the consent, acquiescence and direction of the defendant."
1. The first point we will consider is the contention that, the court having found that an express contract was entered into between the plaintiff and the defendant, as alleged in the answer, the plaintiff cannot recover because his whole case is bottomed upon an action on the quantum meruit. In support of this contention counsel for appellant cites Colyer v. Lahontan M. Co.,54 Nev. 353, 17 P.2d 697; Christensen v. Duborg, 38 Nev. 404,150 P. 306, and other cases of similar import. Those cases correctly state the law applicable to the facts involved therein, as a casual reading will show. The situation presented in this case is very dissimilar to that presented in those cases; hence they have no application. *Page 141
We think the rule applicable to the facts of this case is correctly stated in Hood v. Smiley, 5 Wyo. 70, 36 P. 856, 857, where it is said: "It is the common experience of men that changes and alterations in the original plans and specifications of buildings are the rule, and not the exception, and the legal rule seems to be well established, as stated by counsel for plaintiff in error, `that where additions are ordered to be made, and are made, to a building which a workman has contracted to furnish for a certain sum, the original contract is held to exist as far as it can be traced to have been followed, and the excess must be paid for according to its reasonable value;' and it is only where the alterations and changes are so great that it is impossible to follow the original contract that it will be deemed to have been wholly abandoned, so that the contractor can recover upon a quantum meruit."
The supreme court of Utah, in a similar case, said: "The contention therefore now made by appellant that, in an action based upon an express contract, there can be no recovery as upon quantum meruit, is not applicable to the record in this case. Nor is the claim tenable that, where there is an express contract entered into between parties for the construction of a building, an action as upon quantum meruit to recover for labor performed and material furnished in erecting the building cannot be maintained. It is quite true that a party entering into a contract of this character may not abandon the contract and recover more than the contract price upon a quantum meruit; but there may be cases where the stipulations of the contract have been departed from either by the express consent of the parties or by implication through their conduct in making changes in materials, workmanship, or structure by reason of which it may become a matter of doubt whether the contract, as a whole, has been abandoned or not. In such cases the contractor may, in the first instance, sue as upon a quantum meruit, and leave it to the defendant to set up and insist upon the contract for the purpose of limiting the recovery to the price stipulated therein. The defendant may in such a case likewise *Page 142 insist that the stipulations of the contract remain in full force and have not been performed, and may demand damages for a noncompliance with the terms of the contract. The contractor may, however, in such cases, also base his action upon both the contract and upon a quantum meruit by setting up the former in one count, and the latter in another in his complaint. In all such cases a recovery by either party will be allowed in accordance with the facts developed at the trial and the law applicable thereto. Again, a contractor, in case the contract is fully performed, and nothing remains except to obtain payment, may sue to recover the amount unpaid without specially declaring upon the contract. These propositions have been discussed and passed upon many times by the courts, and are illustrated and applied in the following cases: Todd v. Huntington, 13 Or. 9,4 P. 295; Schwartzel v. Karnes, 2 Kan. App. 782, 44 P. 41; Board of Com'rs. v. Gibson, 158 Ind. 471, 63 N.E. 982; Moore v. Gaus Sons' Mfg. Co., 113 Mo. 98, 20 S.W. 975; Burgess v. Helm, 24 Nev. 242,51 P. 1025; Wilson v. Smith, 61 Cal. 209." Foulger v. McGrath et al., 34 Utah, 86, 95 P. 1004, 1006.
In Reynolds et al. v. Jourdan, 6 Cal. 108, the court said: "Where the entire performance of a special contract has been prevented by one of the parties, or where its terms have been afterwards varied by the agreement of both parties, the action for the amount due for work and labor should be in the form of indebitatis assumpsit, and not upon the contract."
"A contract will be treated as abandoned where the acts of one party inconsistent with its existence are acquiesced in by the other." 13 C.J. 601.
See, also, Adams v. Pugh, 7 Cal. 150; De Boom v. Priestly,1 Cal. 206; O'Connor v. Bingley, 26 Cal. 20; Adams v. Burbank,103 Cal. 646, 37 P. 640; 40 Cyc. 2825, as to modification of contract; 13 C.J. 589.
It follows from what we have said that as a matter of law the court committed no error in refusing to accept the contention of appellant, in view of the findings.
2. As to the contention that specifications contained *Page 143 certain provisions which preclude the plaintiff's recovery, we need only say that by the abandonment of the original contract and the erection of a building costing many thousand dollars more than contemplated by the original contract, the defendant waived the provisions relied upon.
Having reached the conclusion indicated, but one question remains to be considered so far as the claim of the plaintiff is concerned, and that is as to the sufficiency of the evidence to justify the conclusion of the court. The record in this case consists of four large volumes, and to even undertake to analyze the evidence would result in an unduly lengthy opinion. We have considered the evidence, and we are satisfied that the conclusion of the trial court is amply justified.
3. It is next contended that the court erred in entering judgment in favor of E.U. Hooper for services rendered as an architect in drawing plans for the building and in supervising its construction. Our lien statute (section 3735 N.C.L.) provides that: "Every person performing labor upon, or furnishing material of the value of five (5) dollars or more, to be used in the construction * * * of any building * * * has a lien upon the same. * * *"
While the authorities are not uniform on the point, the great weight of authority, and we think the better reasoning, is in favor of the rule that an architect who draws plans and supervises the erection of a building, under a statute such as ours, is entitled to a lien. In the case of Gould v. McCormick,75 Wn. 61, 134 P. 676, 47 L.R.A. (n.s.) 765, Ann. Cas. 1915A, 710, the court had under consideration, so far as is here material, a statute identical to ours; after quoting from certain authorities, and citing others, it reached the conclusion that a superintending architect was entitled to a lien.
Another case arising out of a statute like ours is Johnson v. McClure et al., 10 N.M. 506, 62 P. 983, wherein the court held that the architect was entitled to a lien.
In support of this view, we also call attention to the *Page 144 following authorities: Field v. Consolidated M.W. Co.,25 R.I. 319, 55 A. 757, 105 Am. St. Rep. 895; Von Dorn v. Mengedoht,41 Neb. 525, 59 N.W. 800; Friedlander v. Taintor, 14 N. Dak. 393,104 N.W. 527, 116 Am. St. Rep. 697, 9 Ann. Cas. 96; Phoenix Furn. Co. v. Put-in-Bay, etc. (C.C.) 66 F. 683; Knight v. Norris,13 Minn. 473 (Gil. 438); Hughes v. Torgerson, 96 Ala. 346,11 So. 209, 16 L.R.A. 600, 38 Am. St. Rep. 105; Stryker v. Cassidy,76 N.Y. 50, 32 Am. Rep. 262. See, also, 60 A.L.R. 1267 note; 5 C.J. 266; 2 R.C.L. p. 401.
4. As to Hooper's claim, it is further contended that no personal judgment should have been rendered in his favor, for the reason that there was no contractual relationship existing between him and Condos. As to the latter contention, there is evidence that there was such contractual relationship, and we are disposed to accept the findings of the trial court.
5. The next contention is that the testimony shows that the lien claim of R.L. Seltzer was not filed within fifty days after the work was completed. The evidence on this point is very conflicting, and we are not disposed to override the finding of the trial court.
6. It is further contended that the judgment should be reversed in so far as the claim of H.P. Fischer is concerned, for the reason that he was doing business as H.P. Fischer Tile Marble Company and instituted this suit without having filed a certificate stating the names of the members of the firm, as contemplated by section 4450 et seq. N.C.L. Without deciding the question as to whether plaintiff was doing business under a fictitious name, we may say that the evidence shows that this plaintiff has its place of business in Stockton, Calif., and hence, on authority of the reasoning in the case of State ex rel. Pacific States Sec. Co. v. District Court, 48 Nev. 53,226 P. 1106, the point is not well taken. That, it is true, was a case in which a corporation was involved, but the case turned upon the question of the corporation doing business within this state, and the provision of the statute here invoked contemplates doing business within this state by a person, firm, or copartnership. *Page 145 7. It is contended that I. Christensen testified that he relied upon the personal credit of Paterson, and hence he is not entitled to a lien. In support of the contention, we are cited to several authorities. They are not in point. Christensen did concrete work on the building in question, and he comes within the terms of our mechanic's lien statute above quoted.
8. The next point made is that the court erred in its judgment in favor of J.R. Bradley Company, in that it was a duplication of the claim of John J. Pelizzari. Pelizzari was a subcontractor in the construction of the building in question. Bradley Co. were materialmen who furnished certain supplies to Pelizzari which went into the building. Section 3735 N.C.L., pertaining to mechanic's liens, makes the subcontractor the agent of the owner. The trial court found that Bradley Co. furnished the materials in question to Pelizzari, and that they went into the building, hence it allowed Bradley's claim, and, though Pelizzari's claim included Bradley's, it was disallowed to that extent. There was no duplication of the allowance and no error in this connection.
9. It is next asserted that the trial court erred in allowing the claim of Otis Elevator Company. It is said that the lien claim was not filed within the time provided by law for the filing of such a claim. Our attention is not directed to the place in the record where we will find the evidence on the point. As stated above, the record in this case is voluminous, comprising four very thick volumes. It should not be expected that we will comb the record, in such a situation, to ascertain if the evidence sustains the finding (State v. Milosovich,42 Nev. 273, 175 P. 139, at page 140); hence we shall assume that the finding is sustained by the evidence.
10. As to this claim, it is also contended that, in view of the fact that the contract between the elevator company and Condos provides that the title shall remain in the company until the property furnished is paid for, no lien can be claimed. Under the broad provision in the mechanic's lien statute, we think that a lien attaches *Page 146 in such a case as this when claimant waives his right to reclaim the property, which it did by claiming a lien.
11. Nor is there any merit in the contention that this claimant, being a foreign corporation, and not having complied with the statute relative to such corporations doing business in this state, is not entitled to a lien. The statute in question does not apply to a foreign corporation doing business in the state only occasionally, as does this claimant. State ex rel. Pacific States Sec. Co. v. District Court, supra.
We find no prejudicial error in the record, hence the order and judgment are affirmed.