The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion. The appellant sought by this action to have canceled and set aside a certain deed to real estate situated in Washoe county, made by him to the respondent, who is his wife, the execution of which is claimed to have been obtained by fraud and undue influence.
It is shown by the complaint, briefly stated, that the parties were married on the 6th day of May, 1883, and ever since have been and were at the commencement of the action husband and wife; that they lived and cohabited together as husband and wife until about the 1st day of October, 1896; that there were born of said marriage five children, all of whom are living; that on the last-named date the respondent, without any just cause or reason, abandoned the appellant, taking with her the said children; that thereafter she instituted proceedings to obtain a divorce upon the grounds of alleged cruelty; that the appellant thereby became greatly disturbed and agitated in mind, and feeling that there was no just reason for said proceedings, and that the same would be disgraceful to themselves and their children, and result in injury to their children, and believing it would be for the best interests of all concerned that the family should be reunited, made overtures to the respondent for that purpose; that it was claimed by the respondent that many of their domestic troubles had been caused by difficulties over money matters and the use of vulgar and profane language towards the respondent and their children; that the effort to adjust these domestic troubles resulted in certain agreements and promises, made with perfect trust and confidence, to the effect that the respondent should abandon the divorce proceedings instituted, the family should again be reunited, all past differences between them should be forgotten, each should work faithfully to promote the happiness of all, and that the appellant should convey the property in controversy to the respondent for the benefit and support of the family; that, pursuant to such adjustment, the appellant executed to the respondent the property in controversy on the 4th day of November, 1896; that the consideration recited in the conveyance was one dollar, was not in fact a consideration therefor, and no money was paid or intended to be paid as a *Page 416 consideration of such conveyance; that the property conveyed by the deed constituted all the community property and a portion of the separate property of the appellant.
It is further shown by the complaint that the respondent failed to keep the promises made by reason of which appellant was induced to make such conveyance; that, after the respondent had returned with their children to appellant's home, the appellant had endeavored to keep his promises except in certain instances; that the respondent, after her return, had conducted herself in a most provoking manner, and in such a way as to try the appellant's patience, frequently beyond endurance, and certain specified actions of perverseness are set out, which are claimed to be in direct violation of respondent's promises, and proof that same were made in bad faith; that on the 1st of September, 1897, without any cause, the respondent again deserted the plaintiff, taking with her their children, and instituted, in conjunction with her brother, an unwarranted criminal prosecution, and on the 4th of September, 1897, again instituted divorce proceedings upon the alleged ground of extreme cruelty, which in fact did not exist, and demanded judgment for a dissolution of the bonds of marriage, the care, custody and control of the children, and the personal property belonging to the appellant. A copy of the deed is annexed to the complaint and made a part of the same.
To this complaint the defendant, by answer, entered a denial; trial was had, and the court decided that, under the pleadings and the proof, the appellant was not entitled to a decree canceling the deed upon any of the grounds alleged. A motion for a new trial was interposed by the appellant, the same was submitted to the court upon a statement, and denied. Thereupon the appellant appealed from the judgment and from the order denying the motion for a new trial. The error assigned and discussed by counsel for appellant in his brief is that the decision and judgment of the court are not supported by and are contrary to the evidence, and are contrary to the law.
It will be observed that the right of the appellant to recover in the action is based upon the actual fraud of the respondent in making the agreement and promises for the *Page 417 adjustment of their domestic troubles, which were claimed to be the sole consideration of the conveyance; and such fraud is alleged to have been proven by the subsequent acts of the respondent in violation of the agreement, from which it is urged that the respondent did not enter into the agreement in good faith or with the intention to keep the same. The right to recover is also based upon constructive fraud arising from the fact that the conveyance was executed while the relation of husband and wife existed between the parties, such conveyance being to the advantage of the respondent and not to the advantage of the appellant.
As to the first claim, the court found in direct terms that it was not sustained by the proofs. The facts relating to the divorce proceedings are established by the records in that action. The facts relied upon by counsel for appellant other than those shown by the record are taken almost entirely from the testimony of appellant. An examination of the record discloses that nearly, if not all, material points upon which appellant relies were contradicted or materially changed by the testimony of the respondent-not only as to the facts touching the violation of the agreement by the respondent, which go to her good faith in making it, but it also contradicts or modifies the testimony of appellant upon the very material point as to the reason and purposes of the execution of the deed. This court will not, under well-established rules, weigh the evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses, and, in cases where the record, as in this, discloses a substantial conflict in the evidence, will allow the findings and judgment of the trial court to stand.
Coming now to the question of constructive fraud, we find that our statute provides that either husband or wife may enter into any contract, engagement, or transaction with the other, or with any other person respecting property, which either might enter into if unmarried, subject, in any contract, engagement, or transaction between themselves, to the general rules which control the actions of persons occupying relations of confidence and trust towards each other. (Gen. Stats. 517.)
The general rule of equity regulating dealings between parties occupying fiduciary relations, or relations of trust *Page 418 and confidence, is well known. It is said: "In this class of cases there is often to be found some intermixture of deceit, imposition, overreaching, unconscionable advantage, or other mark of direct and positive fraud. But the principle on which courts of equity act in regard thereto stands, independent of any such ingredient, upon a motive of general public policy; and it is designed in some degree as a protection to the parties against the effect of overweening confidence and self-delusion and the infirmities of hasty and precipitate judgment." (Story's Eq. Jur. sec. 307.)
It is also said: "The doctrine to be examined arises from the very conception and existence of a fiduciary relation. While equity does not deny the possibility of a valid transaction between the two parties, yet, because every fiduciary relation implies a condition of superiority held by one of the parties over the other in every transaction between them by which the superior party obtains a possible benefit, equity raises a presumption against its validity, and casts upon that party the burden of proving affirmatively its compliance with equitable requisites, and thereby overcoming the presumption." (Pomeroy's Eq. Jur. sec. 956.)
The foundation of this principle is based upon the fact that the law implies that one of the parties to the relation has a superiority over the other, and that the contract is to the advantage of the one presumptively superior. The relation itself often suggests in which of the parties this presumptive superiority rests. Thus, the mere statement of "guardian and ward," "parent and child," or "attorney and client" suggests the party. The rules of the common law recognized the husband as the superior party in the relation of husband and wife. (Schouler's Domestic Relations, pp. 10, 51.)
Whether or not our statute intended to adopt the rule of the common law in this class of cases under which the husband was recognized as the superior party in the relation of husband and wife, it is not necessary to decide. If it does, then, without further showing, must the contention of the appellant fall, and the judgment be sustained. Our statute regulating the domestic affairs in respect to the community property recognizes the superiority of the husband in this *Page 419 relation. But assuming that, under the facts, the law recognizes the wife as the superior party in this relation, and applying the general rule stated in Story (Story's Equity Jurisprudence, sec. 323) based upon the reasons of the rule given by Story and Pomeroy as above cited-that whenever confidence is imposed, and one party has it in his power, in a secret manner, for his own advantage, to sacrifice those interests which he is bound to protect, he will not be permitted to hold any such advantage-then must the appellant's case fall.
The trial court found, in terms, that the parties had treated each other coolly and deliberately, each believing that what they agreed to was for the best interests of all concerned. It seems to us, from the showing made by both parties, that their domestic troubles were caused in part by complaints on account of the failure of the appellant to furnish necessaries for the respondent and their children, or the means to purchase the same; that much of the property conveyed was community property; that, after the first separation, they met a number of times and endeavored to adjust their difficulties; that memoranda of terms of settlement were made and submitted, discussed and considered deliberately; that, after the terms had been practically agreed upon, quite a time expired before the conveyance was made; that the appellant was a strong, healthy man; that each was carefully and deliberately looking after his or her own interests; that each believed the other was acting in good faith; that, after the execution of the deed, discussions occurred as to the subsequent conduct of the parties in reference to their agreement; that both were desirous of settling their troubles and resuming the marital relations; that both had violated the terms of their compact, and, by the testimony of the respondent, that the deed was executed for the support of the respondent and their children in case the appellant should fail to keep his promises. To state the matter differently, it does not appear from the evidence that the respondent sacrificed, in secret manner, for her own advantages, in violation of confidence, any interest which she was bound to protect.
The trial court in discussing this matter uses the following language: "The plaintiff is a strong, industrious, temperate *Page 420 and determined man, who, by thrift and energy, has accumulated valuable property. That he is strong-willed and resolute is manifest. It is also plain that he is of quick temper, and, upon reflection, conscious of the errors which his hasty temper leads him into. From his own admissions, it is clear that he did not think that he had lived up to his part of the agreement. The first separation was because of his persistent use of violent and profane language-a habit which he admits he could control; and the failure of the defendant to continue to live with him, as she had agreed to do by this contract, was chiefly due to the same cause. The defendant also is sufficiently determined and persistent to fully protect her rights in any dealings which the parties had. I see no evidence of any undue influence or inequality in the parties to this transaction, or any advantage of position which raises any presumption or proof of fraud, actual or constructive. The causes which have prevented the full performance of this agreement seem to me to be individual rather than contractual-to be matters subsequent to and independent of the deed rather than entering into its execution and impairing its validity. The only confidence which was misplaced was the confidence which was mutually entertained in the ability of each to forget and forgive their past domestic differences, and begin life anew, in accordance with their agreement."
An examination of the testimony presented in the record seems to fully sustain this statement of the trial court.
A number of cases decided by the Supreme Court of California and by the courts of other states have been cited in support of the appellant's contention. It is only necessary to say that an examination of those cases clearly shows wherein they are distinguishable from the case at bar.
The case of Brison v. Brison, 75 Cal. 529, and90 Cal. 329, was an action to compel a reconveyance of property from the wife to the husband where such property had formerly been conveyed to the wife in trust, and where such reconveyance had been refused.
The case of Dolliver v. Dolliver, 94 Cal. 642, was brought by the wife to rescind a contract obtained by the husband after abandonment and the institution of proceedings in divorce by the husband under proof that the wife was a sufferer *Page 421 from nervous prostration at the time, and the recitals in the contract as to the property of the husband and the rights of the wife were false, and that the divorce proceedings were brought by the husband to harass his wife, and as a means of coercing her to surrender her property to him.
So, Hayne v. Herman, 97 Cal. 262, was an action to have certain property declared trust.
The action in Dickerson v. Dickerson,24 Neb. 530, was brought to compel the reconveyance of property to the husband by the wife, where such conveyance had been obtained by the wife upon the suggestion that, in case of the husband's death, she would be left without support, and she thereafter abandoned him without cause. The court held that where a party, who, by means of confidential relations between the parties, obtains the property of the other by deceit and imposition, will be compelled, in a proper case, by a court of equity, to restore the same. Applying the rule announced in this case to the one at bar, in view of the facts already stated, it cannot be said that the deed from the appellant was obtained by the deceit or imposition of the respondent.
It is not necessary to further review the authorities relied upon by the appellant, as the ones already commented on mark the difference between the case at bar and the cases cited.
The claim of the appellant that the court erred in refusing to allow him to answer certain questions asked in no wise prejudiced his rights. It appears from the testimony that all the facts relating to the transaction between the parties had been fully detailed by the appellant, and it was not material to the issues whether the appellant expected or did not expect that his wife would make a demand for the conveyance; nor was it material whether or not he expected any pecuniary benefit from the transfer of the property. For the same reasons, the ruling of the court upon the other questions asked in no manner prejudiced his rights.
The judgment of the court and the order appealed from will be affirmed. *Page 422