The facts, so far as they are necessary to an understanding of the points decided, are as follows: In 1879 the plaintiff and M. C. Lake formed a partnership for the purpose of conducting a flouring mill business at the town of Reno, under *Page 111 the firm name of Lake Beck, in which each was to be equally interested. They erected a mill and carried on the business until 1881, when a new partnership was formed for the same purpose, consisting of Lake, Beck and David Bole, under the firm name of H. H. Beck Co., in which Lake was to own one-fourth, Beck one-half, and Bole one-fourth. Lake sold to Bole one-fourth interest in the stock on hand of the old firm, and thereafter the business was to be conducted by the new firm, they paying to the owners of the mill, Lake and Beck, a rental of $400 per month for the use of the mill, the owners to pay for all necessary repairs and improvements upon the property.
In 1884 Lake died. Shortly after his death an inventory of the stock on hand was made, and the profits of the business were estimated and credited, but no money was paid, nor was there any change in the business, which was continued as before by Beck and Bole, under the firm name of H. H. Beck Co. An administrator of Lake's estate was appointed. In 1888 the estate was wound up, and distribution and partition made of the property among the heirs and their grantees, in which all the interest of the estate in the mill property and business was set over to Thompson, defendant herein. Without any formal agreement to that effect, so far as the evidence shows, the business was still continued the same as before until the spring of 1889, when Bole retired. He was credited with his share of the value of the stock then on hand, and for that, and for his proportion of the profits, he was paid by Beck from moneys which had accumulated in the business. Shortly after this the mill burned down, but was rebuilt by Beck and Thompson, restocked by them, and run for a short time, when it was all sold to the Riverside Mill Company. During the administration of Lake's estate, Beck paid to the administrator $17,000, and, after Thompson succeeded to the property, paid various sums to him. He now claims that Thompson has received more than his proportion of the moneys arising from the property and business, and he brings this action for an accounting and settlement of the whole business from the beginning, and for a judgment against Thompson for the balance claimed to be due him. The court rendered judgment *Page 112 for the plaintiff for the sum of $3,77054, with interest, and the defendant appeals. The respondent moves to strike out the statement on motion for new trial, upon the ground that no notice of intention to move for a new trial was given. The record does not contain any such notice, and the only reference thereto is in the opening of the statement on the motion, where it is said that the appellant "makes his motion for a new trial on the grounds mentioned in his notice of motion made and filed." He now, however, under a' suggestion of diminution of the record, offers what purports to be a copy of such notice, containing an admission by respondent's attorneys of regular and sufficient service, certified by the clerk of the district court to be a true copy of the notice on file in his office, but it was not made a part of the statement, nor is it identified as having been used or referred to on the hearing of the motion for new trial, if, indeed, such identification would be sufficient to entitle it to consideration here. Under these circumstances, it is not a part of the record on appeal, and consequently cannot be considered by us. (Greeley v. Holland,14 Nev. 320; Mining Co. v. Barstow, 5 Nev. 252;Caldwell v. Greely, Id. 258.)
We are, however, of the opinion that, if no sufficient notice of the motion had been given, the objection should have been made in the court below, when the missing papers might have been supplied and made part of the statement. There does not seem to be any statutory provision for making the notice of motion for new trial a part of the record on appeal. It does not direct that it shall be included in the statement on the motion, nor is it mentioned among the papers which *Page 118 may be identified by the judge or clerk as having been used or referred to upon the hearing of the motion. But, notwithstanding, had it been copied into the statement we would perhaps, under the decisions, have held that it was properly before us, upon the principle that the statement is to contain everything necessary for the presentation of the grounds for new trial, and for which no other method of bringing before the court has been provided (Mining Co. v. Barstow, 5 Nev. 252), but, in the absence of timely objection in the court below, it does not seem that it should necessarily have been placed there. The question does not appear to have been heretofore raised in this state, but, under the quite similar statute of California, it has been often before the courts of that state, and they have, after ruling that the presumption was, under some circumstances, that the notice had been properly given, and that, if no objection was made in the lower court, the point was waived, finally come to the conclusion that, as no provision has been made for bringing up the notice, it must have been the intention of the legislature that it was simply for use in the lower court, and that, if any objection to it existed, it must be first made there, and then, by a proper record, brought up on the appeal.
Pico v. Cohn, 78 Cal. 384. The court there said (p. 386): "We do not put this upon the ground of waiver by the opposite party, as is done in some of the earlier cases, but upon the sole ground that we must look alone to the statement or bill of exceptions for the questions to be determined, in the absence of any showing by the respondent that no notice, or an insufficient one, was given. Undoubtedly, the notice of intention is necessary, but if it has not been given, or has been given too late, that must be shown by the respondent as against the settlement of the statement or bill of exceptions, or at the time of and in opposition to the motion for new trial; and, if the court below rules against him, he must cause the facts necessary to present the question to be then included in the statement or proper bill of exceptions, so that this court can determine whether a proper notice has been given or not."
In the uncertainty in which the matter has been left by the practice act, this seems the most reasonable view that can be taken of what the legislature must have intended, *Page 119 and constitutes a clear and easily understood rule that will compel parties to make their objections at a time when, if groundless, it can be readily shown, instead of waiting until under our practice it is impossible to supply the missing records. The respondent also moves to strike the findings from the transcript, upon the ground that they are not included in the statement, and we are of the opinion that this part of the motion must be sustained. It has been so often held that the findings, in order to be considered on an appeal, must be included in the statement, that, if any rule of practice can be considered settled, this must be. The appellant, however, contends that, as the findings were indorsed by the judge as having been referred to upon the hearing of the motion for new trial, this should be sufficient to make them a part of the record here; but this very point was presented to the court in Boyd v. Anderson,18 Nev. 348, and held adversely to him, and must now be considered as settled.
In view, however, of the frequency with which parties fail to comply with the rules concerning the making of statements on motion for new trial, and the records on appeal therefrom, we deem it proper to suggest that it would be well for the legislature to endeavor to make them more liberal. This court, the same as all other courts, was created for the purpose of reviewing the merits of the controversies of men, and of determining them upon the broad principles of justice, and not upon technicalities, and it is always a matter of sincere regret to be compelled to do the latter. In every possible way this should be avoided. The rules concerning these matters could be made much more liberal than they are, and it should be provided that no failure to comply with them, which still left it possible to understand the points made, and did not prejudice the substantial rights of the parties, should prevent the consideration of the case upon its merits. Where it is claimed that the statement is insufficient upon grounds that might be avoided by amendment, parties should be required to make their objections in the district court in such way that they can be preserved in the record, or to waive them. It is probably the law now that if a party submits a motion for new trial upon its merits, without objecting to the sufficiency of the statement to raise the errors assigned, he *Page 120 thereby waives the objection, but the difficulty is that the fact that he has done so is not made to affirmatively appear, and, in the absence of such showing, a waiver is not to be presumed. (White v. White, 6 Nev. 20; Haynes, New Trials App., sec. 145.)
The power of amendment of statements and bills of exception also exists, and, to the end that the merits of the action may always be presented for decision, should be as liberally allowed, upon such terms as may be just to the other party, as it is now concerning pleadings and other proceedings, and by this means the effects of very many mistakes might be avoided. But no offer to amend was made here, and we feel compelled by former decisions to sustain this part of the motion to strike out. While quite an important change in the practice has been wrought by the amendment to section 197 of the practice act (Stats. 1893, p. 88) we are of the opinion that it cuts no figure upon this motion.
The defendant assigns as error, and quite strenuously argues, that the court erred in holding that the defendant, as distributee of the interest in the partnership of the deceased partner, M. C. Lake, had elected to take the part of the partnership property belonging to the deceased at the time of his death, with interest thereon, instead of an interest in the profits of the business as continued by the surviving partners. A complete answer to this contention is that, in the absence of the findings, we cannot know that it was so held. The court found a certain sum to be due from the defendant to the plaintiff, but, without the findings, there is nothing to show that the balance was not arrived at strictly in accordance with what the appellant contends to have been the correct method.
Most of the errors relied upon arise upon the findings, and require no further notice. There are some assigned, however, that seem to call for such examination of the evidence as is possible in such a complicated matter, and without the assistance of the original accounts or of findings. By the amendment already spoken of (Stats. 1893, p. 88), it is, among other things, provided: "When the notice designates as the ground upon which the motion will be made, the insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict or other decision, it shall be a sufficient assignment of error to specify *Page 121 that the verdict of the jury, or the decision, or judgment, or decree of the court, is not supported by the evidence, or is contrary to the evidence. In such case, where it appears that the evidence, taken altogether, does not support the verdict, or decision, or judgment, or decree of the court, a new trial shall be granted, or, upon appeal, the case shall be reversed without regard to whether there are express findings upon all the issues." * * *
As already remarked, this statute has worked an important and quite radical change, and in a proper case, without regard to whether there are or are not findings, seems to impose upon this court the duty of reviewing the evidence, and determining whether the final result is supported by it. This statute was undoubtedly designed to cut through many of the technicalities that have so often prevented cases from being considered upon their merits, and should be construed in the same broad spirit in which it was enacted, but at the same time with such conservatism as will not result in the reversal of cases where substantial justice has been done. Grounds for reversal not raised in the trial court should not be noticed upon the appeal; where there is a substantial conflict in the testimony, the appellate court should undoubtedly not substitute its judgment for the judgment of the trial court, and should only interfere where, upon all the evidence, it is clear that a wrong conclusion has been reached. Under this statute there are several assignments that raise the question as to the sufficiency of the evidence, and under them we proceed to its consideration. The general correctness of the accounts of the business as kept by the plaintiff and by David Bole appears to be admitted; that is, it is admitted that they constitute the basis upon which the settlement must be made, and it is only some particular items therein that are claimed to be wrong. As the accounts are presented to us, it will not be necessary, nor even possible, for us to do more than to consider these particular matters. We must accept these accounts as correct, and also accept the statements made from them by the experts as correct, unless we can clearly see that they are not. Several such statements are contained in the evidence, made by different bookkeepers, all of which, although differing to some extent, find a greater balance due from the defendant than that found by the learned judge of *Page 122 the trial court. These statements were made upon the theory that the defendant was entitled to the deceased's interest in the business of H. H. Beck Co. at the time of his death, and to a partner's share of the profits of the business as carried on by the surviving partners up to the time of the distribution of the estate, and after that, by Beck, Bole, and the defendant. We are of the opinion that this theory is correct, and constitutes the true basis upon which the accounts should be made up.
Up to the time this action was instituted, it is quite clear that this was the understanding of all parties. This is first shown in Beck's report to the administrator, made in February, 1885. In that the accounts are carried right along, in accordance with the partnership agreement, after Lake's death, the same as before, and Beck strongly advises that the business should be permitted to so continue, stating that, if it were, he was confident of his ability to pay off the indebtedness then existing against Lake and Beck, amounting to over $23,000. To this report no objection was made, nor was any objection ever made by any one to the continuance of the business. When the distribution was made there can be no question that all parties understood that Thompson succeeded to the estate's interest, and thereby obtained a one-fourth interest in the firm of H. H. Beck Co., until the purchase of Bole's interest, and, after that, the owner, as partner with Beck, of one-half. There may have been no express agreement to that effect, but they all understood that he thereby became a partner, and the business was continued upon that theory; this is sufficient to make him such. That this was their understanding is shown by all the circumstances. The complaint alleges that he became a partner. Beck so testified, and, although Thompson seems to attempt to deny it in his answer, he does not in his testimony, and, in fact, shows that he understood that such was the case. Upon the theory that the estate had succeeded Lake, and that Thompson had succeeded the estate, in the firm, and was consequently entitled to a one-fourth share from the beginning, a division of the profits of the business was made with Bole, and he was paid his share of them, and for his share of the stock on hand. That Thompson became a partner seems too clear for argument, and, it may be added, *Page 123 if such were not the case, it is difficult to see upon what principle a court of equity could take jurisdiction of the case, for, without that, Beck's only remedy, if any, would be an action at law to recover back money paid by mistake. But, with it, the jurisdiction is clear, as well as the principles upon which the case should be decided. We then find an unsettled partnership between the plaintiff and defendant, to the proper adjustment of which it becomes necessary to state the accounts from the beginning, and in which, if it is found that the defendant has received more than his share of the proceeds, a decree against him for such share is proper. The time for the representative to elect whether he would take a one-fourth share in the profits of the business as continued after Lake's death, or the deceased's share at the time of his death, with interest thereon, was when he became the legal owner of that interest; that is, when the distribution was made. When he became a member of the partnership upon the theory that the estate's interest therein still continued, and as the successor of that interest, he chose the former alternative.
The respondent's counsel contends that the defendant in his answer elected to take the deceased's share, with interest thereon from the time of his death, but, aside from the fact that the election had been made long before this, a careful examination of the answer does not lead us to the same conclusion. We find nothing therein supporting such a view, but on the other hand, while needlessly attempting to deny liability for debts incurred in the business, of which none existed, the contention all the way through seems to us to be that the profits of the business, after Lake's death, had been much larger than the plaintiff admitted, and that in these profits the defendant was entitled to a partner's share.
Upon the theory, then, that the accounts should be stated the same as though the partnership had continued from the beginning, we proceed to determine whether any errors were made in the statements that would reduce the balance against the defendant below that fixed by the court. While not, perhaps, very material, it seems to us that, after the formation of the firm of H. H. Beck Co., the old firm of Lake Beck ceased to exist, and, consequently, we have but the affairs of one partnership to settle. After that, Lake Beck *Page 124 were simply tenants in common of the mill property, for the use of which they were to receive a certain compensation over and above the profits of the business, the same as Beck and Bole were to receive extra compensation for their services, and the firm name of Lake Beck was simply used by the book-keepers of the former firm for convenience in keeping the accounts with the mill. But, however, this may be, if there were two firms, their affairs were so interwoven that it would not be possible to settle one without also settling the other. They were virtually but one, and the same principles should be applied to the settlement of both.
It is admitted that, from the formation of the partnership of H. H. Beck Co. to the sale of the mill, the firm earned a profit of $71,88968, of which defendant received one-fourth, but the $400 monthly rent paid to the mill owners did not pay the expenses of keeping the property in repair, making a change in the machinery from the burr system to the roller system of grinding, and certain charges for interest, to be hereafter noticed. Appellant contends that, as surviving partner, Beck had no authority to improve the property by making the change in the system of grinding, and should receive no credit for the expense of so doing. So far as the want of authority to make the improvements is concerned, the appellant is doubtless correct, but we do not consider this, under the circumstances existing here, as leading to the conclusion that he should not receive credit for the money so expended. It is not claimed that the change did not increase the earning capacity of the mill, nor that it was not made in good faith. In fact, as we understand the evidence, it is shown that it did increase it, and is doubtless one of the reasons for the profits of H. H. Beck Co. being as large as they were. C. T. Bender's testimony shows that Thompson was familiar with the manner in which the business was being carried on. Beck's report to the administrator, already mentioned, stated that he was then engaged in making this change; that upon the mill property the operation showed a loss to the owners, and that for profits they must look to the milling business of H. H. Beck Co. Under these circumstances, there is no reason for believing that Thompson did not know of the extensive change mentioned, and knew, necessarily, that money had been expended in making it, *Page 125 and that such expenditure, while deducting from the profits of the mill, increased the profits of the milling business. When, therefore, he elected to take a partner's share in the profits of the business, he elected to ratify the manner in which they had been made. He could not take the profits without bearing the losses, and this was one of them. In addition, he accepted the mill as remodeled, accepted the profits of a partner in running it for some months, and, when it was burned, received the benefit of the insurance obtained upon the machinery of the new process; and all this without objection of any kind until the disagreement arose concerning the settlement. In view of all this, there is no question but that Beck should receive credit for the cost of making the change. Included in the testimony we have the statements of Rule and Roff, who had examined the books of the firms as experts, and who substantially agreed in their conclusions. They found that, as shown by the books, Beck was entitled to a credit of $8,73234, and that Thompson was indebted $5,76350. In the absence of the findings, we adopt these statements as a basis for examining the case. Included in Beck's credits therein we find items amounting to $4,16250, for services rendered to Lake and Beck. Much of this charge does not appear to us to be correct. The mill was rented to H. H. Beck Co., and was managed and controlled by them. They saw to all necessary repairs and changes, and, when it was burned, they rebuilt it; of course, at the expense of the owners. For his services to the firm, as general manager, Beck was paid a salary of $100 per month. No charge for anything more than this was made during Lake's lifetime, and we are of the opinion that the intention was that this should be in full for all services in this connection. The "Arcadome" transaction stands, perhaps, upon different footing, and as to that he may be entitled to extra compensation, but much less than the sum mentioned above. We will leave the amount to be fixed by the trial court upon a rehearing.
Upon the formation of the partnership of H. H. Beck Co., it was agreed that Beck should furnish, as capital, $12,000; Lake, $6,000; and Bole, $6,000. Bole furnished his share, but Lake and Beck failed in a part of theirs. Bole objected to this, and it was finally agreed between them that, *Page 126 upon whatever amount their capital might be short, they should be charged interest. This was done, but, instead of charging each partner for the amount of his own deficiency, it was, for the convenience of the bookkeepers, all charged to Lake and Beck jointly; that is, these charges for interest were carried into the mill accounts, and charged in the same manner as money expended upon the mill.
The defendant first contends that no interest whatever should be allowed, but we do not agree with this view. The arrangement amounts to the same thing as paying Bole interest upon the excess of capital invested by him, and, as it was done by agreement of the partners, we can see no objection to it. Nor are we able to find that any more was charged than was properly due. Lake's capital was not, however, as much short of what it should have been as was Beck's, so, of course, he should not have paid as much interest, but, owing to the system of bookkeeping adopted, Lake, or the Lake interest, seems to have paid it all. As we understand the figures, the amount of interest so charged to Lake and Beck amounted to about $16,000, of which each paid one-half. But, as this went to swell the profits of H. H. Beck Co., of which Beck was entitled to one-half, he received his entire payments back in dividends, but Lake, owning one-fourth interest in the firm, only received $4,000 back as profits; the other $4,000 going to Bole, which was really all the interest paid. Of the amount so paid, each should be charged in the proportion that his capital was short. Mr. Beck should be charged with whatever his proportion was, and it having been paid by Thompson, or the interest he represents, he should receive credit for it. This was not done in the statement. In this connection it is proper to add that the statement also shows that quite a large amount of uncollected accounts have been carried into it, another matter for consideration and correction upon a retrial.
Without going further into details, enough has been said to show that in the view we take of the evidence, as we find it reported here, the decree against the defendant should be considerably less than it is, and in this respect we think the decision is not supported by the evidence.
We cannot close this part of the case without remarking upon the manner in which the statement and transcript have *Page 127 been prepared. There is scarcely a page that does not show serious and inexcusable mistakes upon the part of the reporter, the copyist, or the printer, that have added greatly to the labor of considering the case. It was the duty of the attorneys to see that all these were corrected, and, as a proper penalty for not having done so, we have determined to allow no costs upon the appeal.
The appellant assigns as errors of law the allowance of certain amendments to the complaint, and the overruling of his objection to proceeding until Bole was made a party to the action. We do not find that the amendments in any way changed the legal aspects of the case, and consequently they were harmless to the appellant. While Bole would be a proper party to the action, it is shown that he is a nonresident of the state, and that he has disposed of all interest in the partnership business to either the plaintiff or defendant. Under these circumstances, he could only be brought in as a party by publication of summons, and, as he has no interest in the property involved in the litigation, under the principles established in the well-known case ofPennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, any judgment so obtained would be a nullity. Such being the case, our courts must either proceed without him or they must necessarily refuse to settle the controversy between our own citizens. Bole's rights will be in no manner prejudiced by this litigation, and, that being so, we think the action should be allowed to proceed without him. (Towle v. Pierce, 12 Mete. (Mass.) 329.) Any claim that appellant makes against him will be subject to adjustment in an action in the proper form. The decree is reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial, but without costs to either party.