The right to labor it is said is an absolute right that cannot be taken away, even by the legislature. It is property in the highest sense, and is a right and immunity belonging to the individual and clearly falls within the protection of the due process of law clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, which guarantees to the individual that life, liberty and property rights and immunities of the individual cannot be taken without due process of law. This, as we understand, means reasonable notice, an opportunity to be heard and a trial. R.C.L. sec. 3, p. 414; Erdman v. Mitchell, 207 Pa. St. 79; Purvis v. Local No. 500 United Brotherhood, 12 L.R.A.; Goldfield Consolidated Mines Co. v. Goldfield Miners Union No. 220, 159 Fed. 500; Branson v. I.W.W., 30 Nev. 270.
It is essential to the validity of a proceeding by a labor union for the expulsion of one of its members, which expulsion prevents the member from following his employment and earning a livelihood, that the laws of the organization providing for such action are in compliance with the requirements of due process of law and are fully complied with; that is to say, that the constitution and laws of the organization must provide for written charges to be preferred, reasonable notice thereof be given to the accused, and an opportunity to appear and defend be given. If the laws of the organization do not contain these requirements, reasonable notice of the charges be not given, no reasonable opportunity afforded to be heard, nor a fair and impartial trial accorded, the proceeding is a nullity. 24 Cyc. sec. 2, p. 827; Lysaght v. St. Louis Co-op. Ass'n.,55 Mo. App. 538; Cotton Jammers Ass'n. v. Taylor, 56 S.W. 553; People v. N Y Beneficial Society, 3 Hun. (N.Y.) 361; Brennan v. United Hatters, 9 L.R.A. 255; Schneider v. Local Union No. 96, 5 L.R.A. 896. *Page 402
The requirements of the constitution and by-laws providing for written charges specifying the offense and the section of the constitution alleged to be violated, and the service of a copy of the charges and notice of hearing and a hearing in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and by-laws must be strictly followed. 24 Cyc. sec. 2, p. 827; People v. Mutual Protective Union, 23 N.E. 129; Weiss v. Mut. Musical Protective Union, 42 A. 118; Dingwall v. Amalgamated Ass'n. of Street Railway Employees of America, 88 P. 597.
The illegal expulsion of a member from a labor organization entitles him to recover damages, both actual and punitory, in addition to the right to be reinstated; and this is especially true where the object of the organization is lawful and the civil right interfered with or destroyed and which results in damages. 24 Cyc. sec. 3, p. 827; Brennan v. United Hatters, 9 L.R.A. 255; Schneider v. Local Union No. 96, 5 L.R.A. 896.
Appellant did not as a matter of law or in fact waive any of the procedure provided by the constitution and by-laws of the organization, or the right to a trial, or enter a plea of guilty. On the contrary, appellant expressly demanded a trial and that the laws of the organization be followed. In the face of this expressed demand there could be no implied waiver.
For the reasons above stated the act of local union No. 971 in assuming jurisdiction and proceeding to expel appellant from the organization and forever debarring him from membership therein was ultra vires and void, without color of authority, and a mere usurpation of the power of a trial committee, which is the legally constituted judicial body vested with power to investigate charges against a member, to hear evidence and return written findings as to whether the accused is guilty. Sec. 55, subdivisions F and G of the constitution of the organization.
The expulsion of appellant being illegal, arbitrary and void, appellant was not compelled to proceed further, but might immediately resort to the courts for redress. *Page 403 This is true for three reasons: First, such illegal procedure, which amounted to no procedure at all, was not within the contemplation of the constitution of the organization providing for the trial of accused members for alleged offenses. Appellant's redress within the organization only related to those things done in the exercise of its jurisdiction under the constitution. Second, the act of expulsion being without jurisdiction and void, the same amounted to no judgment at all. Third, there is no plain, complete or adequate remedy provided in such cases. There is no provision for the stay of proceedings pending an appeal. The judgment of expulsion became effective immediately, and for damages and other resultants from the illegal act, which amounted simply to a tort, no adequate remedy is provided within the organization. The judgment being a mere nullity, amounted to no judgment at all. Dalton v. Libby, 9 Nev. 129.
Where the expulsion of a member is fair upon its face, the laws of the organization complied with, and appears reasonable, the courts will not interfere; however, when the expulsion is illegal and the substantial requirements of the organization not complied with, he may be restored to membership without resorting to the remedies provided by the laws of the organization. People v. Mutual Musical Protective Ass'n., 23 N.E. 129. Especially is this so where the conditions are so burdensome as to practically amount to a denial of relief. 24 Cyc. p. 827; Corregan v. Hay, 94 N Y App. Div. 71; Weiss v. Musical Mutual Protective Ass'n., 69 Am. St. Rep. 820.
Appellant did exhaust every available remedy within the organization. He appealed to the general president, which appeal was denied. He then appealed to the executive board through the Building Trades Council of Reno, Nevada, which forwarded his appeal to the executive board, together with the earnest solicitation under the seal of the Building Trades Council to investigate the case and to correct the wrong done appellant. No action has ever been taken by the executive board, *Page 404 and this appeal resulted in futile correspondence without any attempt to grant relief, and reached no decision which might be appealed from, if indeed it was necessary to wait perhaps four years to present an appeal to the general convention. Such a remedy is obviously so inadequate where a member is reduced to poverty as to be a denial of relief. Schneider v. Local Union No. 90, 5 L.R.A. 896. The plaintiff, according to the undisputed testimony, admitted that the charges against him were in part true. He did not state, either at the meeting of the local, at which he was expelled, or in court, how much of the charges was true and how much was false. The rule is, we think, that members of a labor union cannot complain of the failure to give them a hearing before a grievance committee, or similar body, to which they are entitled under the constitution and by-laws, where they do not deny that they are guilty of the charge made against them. Monroe v. Colored Screwmen's Benevolent Ass'n., 66 So. 260.
The appellant did not exhaust his rights and remedies within the organization and therefore cannot appeal to the courts. The record shows that the appellant after his expulsion appealed to William H. Hutchison, general president, under right given him by the constitution and by — laws of the organization. This appeal was denied. There was open to him the right to take two further appeals if he so desired, as follows: (1) To the general executive board of the organization, and (2) a final appeal to the general convention of the order. No such appeals were taken by him. There was correspondence by the local labor council with various organizations, seeking to intervene in his behalf, but none of these constituted an appeal by him to either the general executive board or to the general convention. The constitution and laws provide that "a member must exhaust the remedies allowed by the constitution and laws of the *Page 405 United Brotherhood before taking his case to the civil court." The rule is well settled that where the constitution of a labor union provides for an appeal to the general executive board, or other body of the organization, whose decision should be final unless reversed by the general assembly, the court will not interfere until all remedies have been exhausted within the organization. Local Union No. 1006 v. Brotherhood of Painters, D. and P. etc., 149 N.Y. Sup. 1025; Beasly v. Chicago Journeyman's, etc. Association, 44 Ill. App. 278; Burns v. Bricklayers Benevolent, etc. Union, 14 N.Y. Sup. 361; Raych v. Hadida,130 N Y Sup. 346; Harris v. Detroit T. Union 18, 144 Mich. 422,108 N.W. 362; Moody v. Farrington, 227 Ill. App. 40; Shinsky v. Tracey, 226 Mass. 21, 114 N.E. 957, L.R.A. 1917C, 1053; Bossert v. Dhuy, 221 N.Y. 342, 117 N.E. 582, Ann. Cas. 1918D, 661; Simons v. Berry, 208 N.Y. Sup. 204; Drayzen v. Curby, 158 N.Y. Sup. 507; Pratt v. Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, 50 Utah, 472, 167 P. 830; Nyland v. United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, Local No. 1960,156 La. 604, 100 So. 733.
The fact that hardship may be suffered during the period of time required to take the appeal provided for by the union's constitution and by-laws will not warrant interference by a court. Greenwood v. Building Trades Council of Sacramento,233 P. 823.
OPINION On and some time prior to September 13, 1926, the plaintiff was a member of local union No. 971, a subordinate of the International of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, an unincorporated benefit society. At a meeting held on the date mentioned, a motion was adopted by said local expelling plaintiff from membership therein.
This suit was instituted to enjoin defendants from *Page 406 excluding plaintiff from membership in said organization, for damages, and for general equitable relief.
The complaint alleges, inter alia, that plaintiff was willfully, wrongfully, and maliciously expelled from defendant organization, and that no written charges were filed against him; that he was not given a trial as guaranteed by the constitution and laws of the organization; and alleged that he had exhausted all remedies available to him within the organization.
The complaint pleads section 55 of the constitution and laws of the defendant organization, which provides that charges alleging an offense must be made in writing and must specify the offense or offenses charged and the section violated, and must be signed by the member making the charge; that the charges must be read at the meeting and lay over until the next meeting; that the member charged must be notified and furnished a copy of the charges by registered mail; that all charges must be referred to a trial committee; that the accused shall be allowed until the next regular meeting to appear and reply; that the chairman of the committee shall summon the accused in writing, together with the witnesses for and against him.
The constitution and laws also provide that any member having a grievance may appeal to the general president for redress, subject to a further appeal to the general executive board and a final appeal to the general convention. It also provides that a member must exhaust his resources allowed by the constitution and laws within the organization before taking his case to the civil courts.
The defendants answered, denying, inter alia, the material allegations of the complaint alleging that no written charges were filed against the plaintiff and that he was wrongfully, willfully, and maliciously expelled from defendant organization without written charges having been filed against him. The answer admits that no trial was given the plaintiff, but alleges that he pleaded guilty to the charges which had theretofore been preferred. *Page 407
Upon the trial, a judgment was entered dismissing the suit at the cost of plaintiff, upon the ground that he had not exhausted his remedies within the defendant organization.
1. The evidence, though conflicting on that point, shows that a written charge was presented against the defendant on September 13, 1926, as follows:
"The following is the statement made by D.E. Johnson in the presence of Chas. Varney and Chas. Warner.
"Why in hell don't they change the name of the S. of a B. of an organization from the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America to the Contractors and Petty Politicians Association. [Signed] Chas. H. Varney."
After the charge was read, the defendant stated that a part of the matter stated was true and that a part of it was false, and demanded a trial as provided in the laws of the organization. The chairman of the local held that the plaintiff had pleaded guilty and that no trial was necessary.
The minutes of the local, as corrected, read: "Motion by Brother C.H. Varney that Brother D.E. Johnson be expelled for trying to create dissension and working against the harmony of the United Brotherhood."
The motion was adopted, and Johnson was requested to leave the hall. Thereafter Johnson took an appeal to the general president, who dismissed the appeal on the ground that the local acted for the best interest of the membership; but he took no further appeal.
Section 54, par. B, of the constitution, provides: "Any officer or member who endeavors to create dissension among the members or works against the interest and harmony of the United Brotherhood * * * shall be expelled. * * *"
Paragraph B, sec. 55, of the constitution and laws of defendant organization, is as follows: "All charges must be made in writing, and must specify the offense or offenses, and the Section of the Constitution and Laws of the United Brotherhood so violated, and be signed by the member or members making such charges." *Page 408
The charge fails utterly to comply with this requirement. It does not specify any offense; neither does it specify the section of the constitution and laws alleged to have been violated. To constitute an offense, it must specifically charge that he was guilty of some act or acts prohibited by some law of the organization.
Assuming that it was the intent to charge Johnson with violation of section 54, par. B, an endeavor to create dissension is an essential element of the offense to be embraced in the charge. This element is not embraced in the charge against Johnson; hence he was not charged with the offense of endeavoring to create dissension among the members. While the language Johnson is charged with using is scandalous and reprehensible, it does not necessarily charge him with endeavoring to create dissension. We appreciate that courts should not be anxious to require such charges to be strictly technical, but they should convey to the accused a knowledge of the charge made against him. This was no doubt the purpose of providing that the charge should refer to the section upon which the charge is based.
As the charge did not contain an essential element of an offense, Johnson might have admitted the truth of everything contained therein unreservedly, and still not plead guilty to violating a law of the organization.
2, 3. But, if we were to concede that the written charge alleged an offense, the judgment would have to be reversed, for the reason that there was no plea of guilty, nor a trial. It is clear that Johnson never intended to plead guilty, for the reason that he demanded at the time a trial as guaranteed by the constitution and laws. The failure to afford Johnson this privilege renders the proceedings absolutely null and void. In Wachtel v. Noah Widows' Orphans' Soc., 84 N.Y. 28, 38 Am. Rep. 478, it is said: "It is well settled that an association whose members become entitled to privileges or rights of property therein cannot exercise its power of expulsion without notice to the person charged, or without giving him an opportunity to be heard."
While there seem to be some authorities which hold *Page 409 that, whether an expulsion be void or irregular, the aggrieved party must exhaust his remedies within the offending body, the great weight of authority is to the effect that, where the proceedings resulting in suspension, expulsion, or other penalty, are not conducted in compliance with the requirements of the organization itself, or are contrary to law and the fundamental principles of justice, the aggrieved member may apply at once to the civil courts for relief.
In Otto v. Journeymen Tailors' Protective Benev. Union,75 Cal. 308, 17 P. 217, 219, 7 Am. St. Rep. 156, the court, in a concise, terse opinion, held that one who had paid his dues and assessments, and who was entitled to participate in the benefit feature of the association, had property rights involved, which, if violated, entitled him to the protection of the courts. We quote from the opinion: "* * * In the matter of expulsion the society acts in a quasi judicial character, and, so far as it confines itself to the exercise of the powers vested in it, and in good faith pursues the methods prescribed by its laws, such laws not being in violation of the laws of the land, or any inalienable right of the member, its sentence is conclusive, like that of a judicial tribunal. Com. v. [Pike Beneficial] Society, 8 Watts S. [Pa.] 250; Burt v. Lodge, 44 Mich. 208; [Id., 66 Mich. 85], 33 N.W. 13; Robinson v. Lodge, 86 Ill. 598. The courts will, however, decide whether the ground for expulsion is well taken. Hirs. Frat. Soc. 55; [Savannah] Cotton Exchange v. State,54 Ga. 668. It has been held in reference to the expulsion of members from societies of this character, that the courts have no right to interfere with the decisions of the societies, except in the following cases: `First. If the decision arrived at was contrary to natural justice, such as the member complained of not having an opportunity to explain misconduct. Secondly. If the rules of the club have not been observed. Thirdly. If the action of the club was malicious and not bona fide.' Hirs. Frat. Soc. 56; Dawkins v. Antrobus, 44 Law T. 557; Lambert v. Addison, 46 Law T. 20."
The conclusion of the court was that the plaintiff *Page 410 did not have a fair trial by the defendant and that the plaintiff should be reinstated.
4. The general rule applicable to cases of suspension or expulsion by organizations of the character of the defendant is correctly stated in 5 C.J. pp. 1358, 1359, as follows:
"In the matter of the suspension or expulsion of a member, the association acts in a quasi judicial capacity, and where the society, fairly and in good faith, acts within its powers, and in accordance with its laws and the law of the land, its decision, like that of a judicial tribunal, is conclusive as against a collateral attack. * * *"
"Conversely, a court of equity will reinstate a member, where the association, in suspending or expelling him, acted unfairly or in bad faith, or beyond its powers, and not in accordance with its laws or the law of the land, such relief being granted by way of a decree annulling the wrongful suspension or expulsion, adjudging the member to be entitled to the rights and privileges of membership, and directing his restoration or reinstatement, or enjoining the association from depriving him of such rights and privileges or interfering therewith. Accordingly, the court may inquire into the power and jurisdiction of the association to suspend or expel the member, the reasonableness and propriety of the suspension or expulsion and the grounds thereof, and the regularity of the proceedings. * * *
"Before applying to a court of equity for reinstatement, a disfranchised member must as a rule exhaust all remedies available to him under the laws of the association. But this rule does not apply where the association, in suspending or expelling the member, acted entirely without jurisdiction, it has been held, or where the remedy provided by the laws of the society is not available to the member, or there is an extremely remote possibility of its proving effective; and the rule is of course inapplicable where no remedy is afforded by the laws of the association."
It is said in Bacon, Benefit Societies (3d ed.), sec. 107, *Page 411 that: "* * * It is, however, well settled that: `If the action of the lodge be a usurpation, or without notice or authority, it cannot affect the legal rights or change the legal status of any one. The obligation to appeal is not imposed when the judgment is void for want of jurisdiction. It may be likened to a judgment rendered by a court which has no jurisdiction of the subject-matter or of the person. No appeal or writ of error is necessary to get rid of such a judgment. It is void in all courts and places, and the duty of an expelled member to exhaust, by appeals or otherwise, all the remedies within the organization arises only where the association is acting strictly within the scope of its powers.'"
Such is the law as recognized by all authorities in England and by a great weight of authority in the United States. Sustaining the view stated, we mention some of the authorities. Wayman v. Perseverance Lodge, 1 K.B. (Eng.) 677, 116 L.T.N.S. 14, 86 L.J.K.B. 243; Innes v. Wylie, 1 Car. K. 257 (Eng.); State ex rel. Cicoria v. Corgiat, 50 Wash. 95, 96 P. 689; Fales v. Musicians' Pro. Ass'n., 40 R.I. 34, 99 A. 823; Venezia v. Italian, etc., 74 N.J. Law, 433, 65 A. 898; Most Wor. United Grand Lodge v. Lee, 128 Md. 42, 96 A. 872, Ann. Cas. 1918E, 1174; Rueb v. Rehder, 24 N.M. 534, 174 P. 992; Pratt v. Amalgamated, etc., 50 Utah, 472, 167 P. 830; Black White Smiths' Soc. v. Vandyke, 2 Whart. (Pa.) 309, 30 Am. Dec. 263; Stevens v. Minneapolis F.D.R. Ass'n., 124 Minn. 381, 145 N.W. 35, 50 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1018; Hall v. Supreme Lodge, etc. (D.C.) 24 F. 450; Com. ex rel. v. Pike Ben. Soc., 8 Watts S. (Pa.) 251; Supreme Lodge, K. of P. v. Eskholme, 59 N.J. Law, 255, 35 A. 1055, 59 Am. St. Rep. 609.
The learned author and jurist, Seymour D. Thompson, in referring to the authorities holding that one must first exhaust his remedies within the organization, in Mulroy v. Knights of Honor, 28 Mo. App. 463, said: "But all the cases which so hold either expressly state, or tacitly assume, that, in the action which the society took, and against which relief was sought, it acted *Page 412 within the scope of its powers, and in prosecuting their inquiries into the propriety of the action of such societies in the expulsion of members, or in the disposition of property, or otherwise, courts have in general proceeded no further than to inquire whether the judicatory provided by the laws of the society, which acted, had jurisdiction in the particular case."
Entertaining the views expressed, it follows that the judgment and order appealed from must be reversed, with instructions to the trial court to proceed in accordance with the views herein expressed.
It is so ordered.
DUCKER, C.J., I concur.