[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 447 It is appellant's contention that the information shows upon its face that any offense attempted to be alleged therein was barred by the statutes of limitations. The allegation that the offense charged was a secret offense states a mere conclusion unsupported by any statement of facts showing that it was such. From the very nature of the offense charged, the matters and things contained therein were necessarily facts within the peculiar knowledge of the officers of Mineral County, as well as the attorney-general and a matter of public record, and hence could not have been a secret offense *Page 448 so as to avoid the statutes of limitations. The information therefore does not state facts sufficient to constitute a public offense which could be prosecuted and a conviction had thereon.
The proceedings on the arraignment of the defendant were a flagrant violation of the statutes, affecting the substantial rights of the defendant, and constituted prejudicial error. Section 10886 N.C.L. provides, among other things, that the defendant shall have at least one day for a reasonable time in which to procure counsel before arraignment, and that he shall have at least one day in which to plead to the information. The record discloses that the defendant did require time to secure counsel and objected to the entering of a plea until such time as he had the benefit of counsel. The action of the trial court in this respect was unreasonably arbitrary and in disregard of the plain provisions of the statutes governing criminal procedure.
It was error for the trial court to grant a change of venue from Mineral County, on the statement of mere conclusions that a fair and impartial jury could not be obtained in that county, and thus deprive the defendant of the substantial right, guaranteed by law, to be tried in the district or county where the offense was alleged to have been committed.
The disqualification of the trial judge by an application and affidavit for a change of judge on account of the prejudice of the judge against the defendant, and which was afterwards granted by the same judge, disqualified the judge ab initio from exercising jurisdiction in any manner in the cause after the application was made. His only jurisdiction and power in the matter was to grant the change of judge, and permit a judge to whom the case was assigned to pass upon a change of venue and all other matters vital to the defendant.
It was error for the trial court, before the cause proceeded to trial, to deny defendant's objection to the jurisdiction of the court and to the trial of the cause in Nye County, upon the ground that it was not the *Page 449 proper place for trial. Section 8569 N.C.L. provides that charges of misconduct of a public officer in office shall be tried in the county where he discharged the duties as such officer.
Appellant also contends that the judgment and conviction in this case violates the constitutional provision prohibiting the imposition of unreasonable fines and cruel and unusual punishment. For an offense that could not be more than a mere neglect, unaccompanied by motive or corrupt intent, a fine of $500 is imposed, and in addition thereto the court in its judgment also ordered the removal of the defendant from a public office, which is a valuable right and amounts to a property right of which the defendant could not be deprived without due process of law. It is clear from section 10722 N.C.L. that the statute of limitations does not commence to run until the discovery of the offense. Under the allegations of the information in this case, the offenses complained of were not discovered until on or about the month of July 1937. There being no bill of exceptions or testimony before this court, appellant's contention that the allegations in the information as to the offenses being committed in a secret manner are unsupported by any statement of facts cannot be determined.
An examination of the record shows that arraignment was continued at least three times because of the unavoidable absences of defendant's attorney. It likewise appears from the statement of the special deputy attorney-general during the arraignment that the case was postponed five times at the request of the defendant. The record discloses that the first continuance because of the absence of defendant's counsel occurred on April 8, 1938, with the arraignment finally being held on April 22, 1938. It is thus clear from the record *Page 450 that the defendant had employed counsel. The matter of continuing with the arraignment under the above circumstances was within the sound discretion of the court, and no substantial right of the appellant being prejudiced, such discretion was not abused.
The provisions of sections 10913 to 10918 N.C.L. being complied with, the motion for a change of venue being addressed to the sound discretion of the court, and no abuse of such discretion appearing, the court was within its rights in granting the change.
Our researches disclose no statute requiring the disqualification of a judge in a criminal action.
Section 8567 N.C.L., cited in support of appellant's argument that this action should have been tried in the place where the cause arose, applies to civil actions.
The judgment and sentence pronounced by the court was proportionate to the nature of the offense for which the appellant was tried and convicted. OPINION Appellant was convicted of neglect of duty in that, as district attorney, he received and had in his possession and custody certain county money which he failed and neglected to pay into the treasury of Mineral County, it being his duty to pay over the same as aforesaid. He was sentenced to pay a fine of $500 and was removed from office.
He has appealed from the judgment of conviction and from an order denying a new trial. The notice of appeal reads as follows: "The defendant above named, Fred L. Wood, hereby appeals from the judgment of conviction rendered in the above entitled matter on the 22nd day of June, 1938, and from the order denying a motion for new trial heretofore entered in the above entitled case. This appeal is taken from the judgment and the whole thereof, upon the following grounds, *Page 451 to-wit: 1. That the court misdirected the Jury in matters of law, and has erred in the decision of questions of law arising during the course of the trial: 2. That the verdict is contrary to law and evidence."
The grounds upon which appellant asks a reversal are: (1) That the third count of the information, being that under which he was convicted, does not state facts sufficient to constitute a public offense; (2) that the information shows on its face that any offense attempted to be alleged therein was barred by the statute of limitations; (3) that appellant was denied the right to be represented by counsel at his arraignment; (4) that appellant was denied his statutory right to be allowed at least one day in which to answer the information; (5) that appellant was denied the assistance of counsel when the state's motion for change of venue was heard and granted; (6) that the affidavits upon which the motion for change of venue was based stated mere conclusions, and were insufficient to vest the court with jurisdiction to order such change; (7) that appellant was deprived of his right to at least one day's notice after the entry of his plea before the hearing of the state's application for a change of venue; (8) that the appellant, under the statute, was entitled to be tried in Mineral County; (9) that the trial judge who presided at the time of appellant's arraignment and at the time of the state's application for change of venue was heard and granted, erred in not disqualifying himself when the application and affidavit for change of judge on account of prejudice against the defendant was first made; (10) that the sentence imposed upon appellant violates the constitutional provisions prohibiting the imposition of unreasonable fines and cruel and unusual punishment. Const. art. 1, sec. 27.
1. The record on this appeal is in a very unsatisfactory condition. There is no bill of exceptions, and we are therefore limited to a consideration of the record of the action, which, under the statute, sec. 11061 N.C.L. 1929, is made up of the following papers: "1. A copy *Page 452 of the minutes of any challenge which may have been interposed by the defendant to the panel of the grand jury, or to any individual grand juror, and the proceedings thereon; 2. The indictment or information and a copy of the minutes of the plea or demurrer; 3. A copy of the minutes of any challenge which may have been interposed to the panel of the trial jury, or of any individual juror, and the proceedings thereon; 4. A copy of the minutes of the trial; 5. A copy of the minutes of the judgment; 6. The decision of the court upon matters of law deemed excepted to, if such decision is in writing, and a copy of the minutes showing any decision deemed excepted to; 7. Any written charges given or refused by the court, with the endorsements thereon; 8. The affidavits and counter affidavits, if any, used on the hearing of a motion for a new trial; 9. The bill of exceptions, if any, when settled, shall be attached to the foregoing and become a part of the record." In the instant case many papers are included in the record which have no proper place therein.
It does not appear, from the record of the action, that the sufficiency of the information was questioned in the trial court. The claim that the information shows on its face that any offense attempted to be alleged therein was barred by the statute of limitations, is set up for the first time in appellant's opening brief on appeal. The contention that the information does not state facts sufficient to constitute a public offense because it does not show that defendant violated any duty imposed by law, was presented for the first time on the oral argument in this court. Neither of these contentions was urged in the trial court by way of demurrer, motion in arrest of judgment or otherwise.
2. In State v. Hughes, 31 Nev. 270, 102 P. 562, the court said: "Where, however, the sufficiency of an indictment is questioned for the first time upon appeal, it will not be held insufficient to support the judgment, unless it is so defective that by no construction, within the reasonable limits of the language used, can it be said *Page 453 to charge the offense for which the defendant was convicted."
The prosecution in the case at bar was based upon the alleged failure of the defendant to turn over to the county certain county moneys which had been entrusted to him as district attorney. The first count in the information alleged that said failure was in violation of his duty and trust, willful, unlawful, felonious and with intent to steal. The second count charged that said failure was unlawful, willful, felonious and with intent to cheat.
The third count, under which defendant was convicted, reads as follows: "Informant alleges: That the defendant, Fred L. Wood, on or about the fifth day of October, 1933, and prior to the filing of this Information, at the County of Mineral, State of Nevada, he, the defendant Wood, being then and there, and at all of the times herein mentioned, a public officer, to-wit, the duly elected, qualified and acting District Attorney in and for the County of Mineral, State of Nevada, was guilty of, and did neglect the duties imposed upon him as such officer, in this: That said Wood, as such officer, did receive and have in his possession and custody the sum of two hundred and seventy three and 40/100 dollars, paid unto him by the Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad Company, as a portion resulting from a compromise of delinquent taxes due and owing from said Company to the County of Mineral, State of Nevada, and which moneys were then and there the property of and was due to and payable unto the said County of Mineral. That on, or about the fifth day of October, 1933, said Wood was then and there guilty of neglect of duty, in that, he failed and neglected to pay the aforesaid moneys into the treasury of the County of Mineral, State of Nevada, and the said moneys being then and there moneys and property of said County, and it being his duty to pay over the same as aforesaid."
Each count alleged that the offense was committed in a secret manner, and remained secret until about July *Page 454 1937. The information also charged that the offenses set out in all three counts "grew out of, arose from and emanated from the same state of facts and offense and at the same time."
Section 2084 N.C.L. 1929 provides that: "The district attorney may be indicted for a misdemeanor in office, or neglect of duty, and be punished by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by removal from office, or by both such fine or removal from office, said fine to be paid into the county treasury for county purposes."
3. An indictment for any misdemeanor must be found within one year after its commission. Section 10721 N.C.L. 1929. But section 10722 N.C.L. 1929 provides that: "If a felony or misdemeanor is committed in a secret manner, an indictment for the same must be found within the periods of limitation prescribed in the two last preceding sections after the discovery of the offense; provided, that if any indictment found within the time thus prescribed is defective so that no judgment can be given thereon, another prosecution may be instituted for the same offense within six months after the first is abandoned."
4. Appellant contends that the allegation that the offense was secretly committed is a mere conclusion of law, and that from the very nature of the offense the matters charged were necessarily facts within the knowledge of the public officials. He further urges that count three does not show that defendant violated any duty imposed by law. This contention, made for the first time in oral argument on this appeal, was elaborated upon in a later brief filed in response to a request by the court for briefs on entirely different questions. The information is not perfectly drawn, but we find no fatal defect in count three, and under the rule announced in State v. Hughes, supra, we hold that neither of the attacks made on that count is well taken.
5. Appellant contends that he was denied the right to be represented by counsel at his arraignment. The *Page 455 trial court's minutes of April 22, 1938, are in part as follows: "Plaintiff represented in court by N.E. Conklin, Special Deputy Attorney General. Defendant in Court without Counsel. The matter of the arraignment having been set for this time, the Court stated that it would proceed with the arraignment at this time. The Defendant entered his objection to any proceeding at this time as he was not represented in Court by Counsel. Objection overruled and an exception noted to the Defendant. An Information having been filed herein against the Defendant, the Clerk was directed to read the same to the Defendant. The Information was read, the Defendant admitted that Fred L. Wood was his true name, and a certified copy thereof was handed the Defendant. Upon being asked to enter a plea to the said Information, the Defendant declined to enter any plea at this time. The Defendant refusing to enter a plea, a plea of not guilty was entered by the Court to both counts as contained in the Information. The Defendant renewed his objection which was overruled by the Court and an exception noted unto the Defendant."
Other court minutes in the record show that defendant did have counsel; that on April 8, 1938, on defendant's motion based on unavoidable absence of his attorney, the arraignment was continued until April 12; that on April 12, on motion of defendant, again based on absence of his counsel, the arraignment was continued until April 18; and that on April 18, the arraignment was again postponed until April 22, and the clerk was directed to notify counsel. It will thus be seen that before April 22 there had already been three continuances. Under these circumstances, there being nothing else before us, it will be presumed that the trial court exercised a sound discretion in proceeding with the arraignment.
6. It is claimed by appellant that he was denied his statutory right to be allowed at least one day to answer the information Section 10886 N.C.L. 1929 provides that if on the arraignment the defendant requires it, he *Page 456 must be allowed a reasonable time, not less than one day, to answer the information. Defendant, who was not only a licensed attorney, but a district attorney, did not require of the court that he be allowed a reasonable time to plead. He stood on his general objection to any proceedings being had in the absence of his counsel.
7. Furthermore, with respect both to the arraignment in the absence of counsel and defendant's not being allowed at least one day to answer the information, the record is silent as to any step taken by defendant for the purpose of setting aside the trial court's action in these particulars. It would have been within that court's discretion to allow defendant to withdraw the plea of not guilty, for the purpose of demurring or moving to set aside the information. 7 Cal. Jur. 999, sec. 135.
Appellant contends that the judgment and order should be reversed because he was denied the assistance of counsel when the state's motion for change of venue was heard and granted and was deprived of his right to at least one day's notice after entry of his plea before the hearing of said motion; and for the further reason that the affidavits upon which the motion for change of venue was based stated mere conclusions, and were insufficient to vest the court with jurisdiction to order the change.
The trial court minutes of April 22, 1938, show the following: "On the motion for Change of Venue to be heard at this time, an objection was interposed by the Defendant to any proceedings at this time on this matter. Objection overruled and an exception to ruling of the Court noted unto the Defendant. It is ordered, that this action be changed to the Fifth Judicial District Court in and for the County of Nye, State of Nevada. The Clerk is directed to forward all of the records in the action by certified copies thereof. Objection to the foregoing order of the Court in the matter of the Change of Venue was interposed by the Defendant. Objection overruled and an exception noted unto the Defendant."
The minutes of the trial for June 21, 1938, show the *Page 457 following proceedings just before the jury box was filled for voir dire examination: "A.J. Maestretti, Esq., objects to further proceedings in this case on the ground that this Court has no jurisdiction. N.E. Conklin, Esq., presents argument. The Court: The objection to the Court proceedings to this trial will be overruled. The Court feels that this is a matter that should have been taken care of at the time the application for the change was made."
The minutes for June 21, while the trial was in progress, contain the following: "Mr. Maestretti renews motion as to further proceedings in this case upon all the grounds and authorities offered in his motion at the beginning of this trial. The Court: Motion will be denied."
The minutes of June 23 include the following: "The Defendant, Fred L. Wood, being asked by the Court if he had any legal cause to show why judgment should not be pronounced answered he had no comment to offer. At this time A.J. Maestretti, Esq., moves the Court for a new trial. The Court: The motion for a new trial will be denied and the Defendant is given an exception to the ruling of the Court."
8. Copies of the notice of motion and motion for change of venue, and of the affidavits in support of the motion, are included in the record on appeal, but have no proper place therein and cannot be considered. The court minutes do not show the ground or grounds upon which defendant objected to the court's proceeding with the hearing of the motion, nor his ground or grounds of objection to the order changing the place of trial. The record shows nothing whatever done by defendant to set aside said order, until the beginning of the trial in Nye County. The minutes of June 21, 1938, indicate that defendant's objection to the jurisdiction was based, at least in part, on the action of the district court for Mineral County in ordering a change of the place of trial to Nye County. But the grounds of the objection do not appear here or elsewhere in the record. The *Page 458 record affirmatively shows that a motion for new trial was made, but the grounds of the motion nowhere appear, and there is no bill of exceptions.
9. On August 12, 1939, appellant applied to this court for an order permitting him to apply to Honorable James Dysart, who presided at his trial, to correct the minutes of the trial court in respect to the ground of the objection of appellant to the jurisdiction of the court made at the beginning of the trial, also near the close of the State's case when said objection was renewed, and further for permission to supply the place of a written motion for a new trial, and to show the grounds thereof. An amended and supplemental motion suggesting diminution of the record was filed August 24, 1939. These motions were made months after the case was originally briefed, orally argued and submitted for decision, and then only after the court had called for briefs concerning its power to consider a number of alleged errors in view of the unsatisfactory condition of the record. Aside from the question whether the court can lawfully grant the orders applied for in these motions (State v. Hunter, 48 Nev. 358,232 P. 778, 235 P. 645), no good reason appears for the long delay in making them, and we think it would not be exercising proper discretion to grant them. They are hereby denied.
10-12. The eighth, ninth, and tenth grounds urged for reversal are wholly without merit.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.