The proceeding is a bill in equity by two shareholders in the Massachusetts Construction Company Incorporated, a Connecticut corporation, brought in behalf of all the shareholders, and charging that through the fraud of the defendants all of the assets of the corporation have been transferred to and are now held by one of the defendants, and that the purpose of the transaction was fraudulently to deprive the plaintiffs of the value of their shares. The following facts appear from the allegations *Page 280 of the bill: The capital stock of the plaintiffs' corporation consists of 5,000 shares of $100 each, par value. Twenty-five hundred shares of this capital are preferred both as to capital and income, but have no voting power, such power being vested exclusively in the remaining shares, called common stock. At the time of the transactions in question the assets of the corporation were worth, in addition to the amount necessary to satisfy the existing indebtedness of the corporation, more than $500,000, the amount of the whole capital stock. The plaintiffs then owned and now own 2,440 shares of the preferred stock. The parties charged with the fraud are the defendant Lovell (then and now the owner of all the common stock, and now owning all the preferred stock not held by the plaintiffs), the New York Security and Trust Company, a New York corporation, and the New Hampshire Traction Company, a New Hampshire corporation. The corporation in which the plaintiffs are stockholders is also made defendant. Lovell has appeared and answered to the bill. The plaintiffs claim to have made service upon the Construction Company and the Trust Company, and the bill has been taken pro confesso as to them. The Traction Company has filed a plea alleging that the Construction Company and the Trust Company are indispensable parties to the suit, averting that they are not within the jurisdiction and that no sufficient service has been made upon them, and traversing the material facts set out in the several returns of service.
The practice in equity upon plea filed and the essentials of a valid plea are set forth by Chief Justice Bell in Bassett v. Company, 43 N.H. 249. The proceedings in the superior court are hardly in accord with equity practice as there explained. The plaintiffs demurred to the plea, and the demurrer was sustained. Judge Bell says (p. 253): "In equity, there is no demurrer to a plea, and no other step can be taken until it is disposed of. To obtain a decision upon the validity of a plea, the course is to set it down for argument, which has much the effect of a demurrer at law, being an admission that the facts stated in the plea are true as they are pleaded, and it is submitted to the court to decide whether they constitute a bar. . . . If the plea wants form, as if it is not verified by oath, the plaintiff must move to set it aside, or take it off the files. He cannot make the objection on the argument." If the demurrer to the plea can properly be treated as a motion to set it aside, the motion must be granted because the plea is not verified by affidavit. Bassett v. Company, 43 N.H. 249. This objection has not been taken and possibly can be avoided by amendment. Since the purpose of the demurrer was undoubtedly to obtain a decision upon the validity of the plea, *Page 281 the proceedings in the superior court may properly be considered as amounting in substance to the overruling of the plea when set down for argument.
"In pleas in equity, there must in general be the same strictness and exactness as in pleas at law, at least in regard to matters of substance. . . . The plea must not be argumentative. . . . . The language must be such as to include all intendments. And if a case can be supposed, consistent with the facts pleaded, which would render the plea inoperative as a full defence, and which is not excluded by particular averments, the plea is bad." Bassett v. Company, 43 N.H. 249, 252. "Where the plaintiff's right to the relief or discovery he seeks depends on a single point, the defendant, instead of answering all the allegations of the bill, may insist on the fact which he relies on as a bar, or deny some fact alleged in the bill, which is essential to the maintenance of the plaintiff's claim. He may thus narrow the investigation and save the expense of evidence, as to all the other matters made material by the bill, or which might be made so by the answer." Bell v. Woodward, 42 N.H. 181, 191.
The objection raised by the plea is the want of parties. The question therefore is: If no sufficient service appears, whether either of the parties to whom the plea relates is indispensable to the maintenance of the suit, so that in their absence beyond the jurisdiction of the court no relief can be given the plaintiffs. "A plea to the whole bill of want of parties will be overruled if in any one state of facts charged by the bill the parties would not be necessary; for then the plea is not an answer to all the allegations in the bill." Sto. Eq. Pl. s. 745. Upon the argument of a plea, every fact stated in the bill and not denied by the answer in support of the plea must be taken to be true; and the answer must be full and clear, or the court will intend the matter against the pleader. Sto. Eq. Pl., ss. 511, 516, 527; Bell v. Woodward, 42 N.H. 181, 194. There is no answer in support of the plea, and no denial by averments in the plea of any facts charged in the bill; but the averments are directed to the facts set out in the returns of service, and relate, as the defendants claim, to the date of the service and not to the date of the filing of the bill. The plaintiffs attempted in various ways to secure service upon each of the defendants. Whether this service is sufficient to render the Trust Company amenable to the jurisdiction in this suit, is a question which it is not now necessary to examine. Neither is it necessary to consider whether the facts upon which the plaintiffs rely to sustain the service are sufficiently denied by the allegations of the plea. The sole question is whether the plea is a bar to the further maintenance of the bill against the pleader, the Traction *Page 282 Company. The case is not here on demurrer to the bill, and therefore no question is before the court as to the sufficiency of the allegations to charge fraud or to establish the plaintiffs' right to maintain the suit. The defendants so concede in their first brief. If, then, it be assumed without examination that the averments of the plea are sufficient to establish for the present purpose that no jurisdiction has been acquired over the New York Security and Trust Company by the various forms of service which appear in the record, the only question is whether the want of such jurisdiction is a bar to the maintenance of the suit against the pleader over whom the court has jurisdiction. It is not, upon the authorities cited, if under any supposable case provable under the bill the plaintiffs may be entitled to a decree against the Traction Company alone. The charge of the bill is, that by the fraudulent cooperation of all the defendants, through two contracts alleged in the bill, dated November 12, 1901, and December 28, 1901, all the assets of the Construction Company, amounting above their indebtedness to more in value than the total capital stock, were taken from that company and transferred to the defendant Traction Company, and are now held by it. It is alleged that the Traction Company not only received the property with knowledge of the fraud, but were active participants in the fraud and have largely benefited thereby. The facts relied upon as constituting fraud are fully set out in the bill and are of considerable complication. It is unnecessary to refer to them in detail, as it is conceded by the defendants that upon the question of the validity of the plea the bill must be taken to sufficiently charge fraud. It is to be understood that the admission of the charges of the bill is purely formal. They may fail entirely of proof, but as the case now stands the acts in which the defendants have joined to the injury of the plaintiffs must be taken to have been tortious.
When the acts complained of are tortious, the cause of action is several as well as joint, in equity as well as at law, and the absence of one tort-feasor will not prevent the interference of the court. Sto. Eq. Pl. s. 213; Bassett v. Company, 43 N.H. 249, 252; Cunningham v. Pelf, 5 Paige 607; Ervin v. Company, 20 Fed. Rep. 577, 582; Wilkinson v. Parry, 4 Russ. 272, note. The theory of the plaintiffs' bill is that the managing stockholders and directors of their corporation, holding the legal title as trustees, have fraudulently with the fraudulent connivance of the other defendants transferred to the Traction Company the property in which the plaintiffs have an equitable interest. The redress afforded the cestui que trust in such case is either rescission or account, according to the circumstances of the case. Bisp. Eq., s. 239; Ervin v. Company, and authorities supra. If the defendants *Page 283 have so arranged matters that the plaintiffs cannot have a rescission of the contracts set out and a return of the property, that fact would not defeat the claim for damages against the authors of the wrong. It may be under the allegations of the bill that this is the only remedy. Such damages are recoverable from any one of the wrongdoers. As under the allegations of the bill a case may be made upon which the plaintiffs would be entitled to a decree against the Traction Company without joining the New York Security and Trust Company, the plea in so far as it relates to that company was properly overruled.
The plaintiffs sue as shareholders in the Massachusetts Construction Company Incorporated, a foreign corporation, which upon the averments of the plea has not been served with process within this jurisdiction. It is named as a defendant in the bill, and service has been made upon it as a non-resident defendant. P. S., c. 219, s. 9. There is no averment that the person upon whom service was made in Connecticut did not represent the corporation.
While the courts of a state have no jurisdiction to render a personal judgment against a non-resident individual or corporation not served with process within the state, their adjudication as to all property within the state is final and conclusive upon nonresidents as well as residents, upon such notice as the statutes of the state require. Downer v. Shaw,22 N.H. 277, 280; Eastman v. Dearborn, 63 N.H. 364; Bancroft v. Conant,64 N.H. 151; Minot v. Tilton, 64 N.H. 371, 374; Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714. This power of disposition over the property of a non-resident is not limited to the seizure of the property of a non-resident defendant upon mesne process or execution. "By virtue of its jurisdiction over property of non-residents within its limits, the state through its tribunals may inquire into the non-resident's obligations to its own citizens to the extent of controlling the disposition of the property if necessary, the action being in the nature of a proceeding in rem when there is no appearance and no service of process on the non-resident." Minot v. Tilton, supra, 374. Under the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitution, the plaintiff Whitcomb, a citizen of Massachusetts, is entitled to all the rights the law gives our citizens. Sturtevant v. Company, 66 N.H. 557.
Bancroft v. Conant, 64 N.H. 151, was a bill to remove a cloud upon the title to real estate in this state. Service was made upon the defendants, residents of Massachusetts, in the manner adopted here — by the delivery of an attested copy to them without the jurisdiction. The defendants appeared specially and moved to dismiss for want of service, but the service was held sufficient. *Page 284 Minot v. Tilton, 64 N.H. 371, was a bill in equity to reform a declaration of trust. The beneficiary immediately interested in one particular of the reformation asked was a non-resident. Notice was by publication. There was no appearance for her, and it did not appear that she had received actual notice. The court said on this point (p. 374): "The trust fund, the trustee, and all the other beneficiaries being within the jurisdiction, and the statutory notice having been given, the court has jurisdiction over the property to the extent of determining the relative rights of the parties to it, and to that extent the decree will be binding upon her."
In the present case, the beneficiaries are before the court; and if the fund is here, the non-appearance of the trustee will not defeat jurisdiction over a fund found here. If any property of the Massachusetts Construction Company Incorporated, therefore, is within this state, the courts of this state have jurisdiction over it; and their determination as to the relative rights of the parties claiming it, the statutory notice having been given, will be binding upon non-residents, although not personally served with process within the jurisdiction.
The assets of the plaintiffs' corporation consisted of stock and bonds of sundry electric railways, with two exceptions located in and incorporated by this state, called the Exeter, Hampton, and Amesbury system, and of stock and bonds of other New Hampshire corporations called the Southern New Hampshire system. These properties, it is alleged, were transferred to and are now held by the pleader, the Traction Company. Upon these allegations, which are not denied, the property in question is beyond dispute in this state and within the jurisdiction of this court. The question is whether as against the plaintiffs' corporation the defendant Traction Company has acquired a valid title by the transactions set out in the pleadings. But it is further alleged that the Traction Company has pledged all the securities representing property in this state to the New York Security and Trust Company, a New York corporation, as security for certain issues of stock and bonds. Upon this allegation it is argued that it should be inferred that the paper evidences of title — the bonds and certificates of stock — are in New York, the home of the Trust Company. This is nowhere directly alleged in the pleadings upon either side; but conceding the inference to be correct, the situation is not altered so far as the jurisdiction of the courts of this state is concerned. The inference, if made, merely introduces other non-resident claimants to the corporate property which is in this state. It is nowhere alleged that the Traction Company have parted with their title, such as they may have, except by way of pledge or mortgage. If the pledge *Page 285 is valid against the corporation in whose right the plaintiffs sue, the equity held by the Traction Company, of whatever value it may be, is still open to adjudication between that company and the original corporate owners.
But assuming that the defendants have placed the actual property beyond the reach of the plaintiffs in this suit, it does not follow that there is no property of the corporation in this jurisdiction. The plaintiffs allege that the Traction Company has by fraud obtained possession of all the assets of their corporation, and claim to recover damages for the fraud by which, as they allege, their corporation has been despoiled of all its property and their shares rendered valueless. The defendants object that this right of action (Cain v. Dickenson, 60 N.H. 371) is a right of the corporation, and that a judgment in this suit, if the corporation is not a party, would not be binding upon the corporation, and they, the pleaders, might be subjected to another suit at the hands of the corporation. Such right of action of the corporation against the pleader, a domestic corporation which has been duly served with process and appeared in the suit, is property within the jurisdiction of this state. Thompson v. Wilson, 2 N.H. 291, 292; Stearns v. Wright, 51 N.H. 600, 611; Leonard v. Putnam, 51 N.H. 247, 251; Pinney v. McGregory, 102 Mass. 186; Redmond v. Hoge, 3 Hun 171; Crumlish v. Railroad, 28 W. Va. 623; Robinson v. Epping,24 Fla. 237, 261; Wyman v. Halstead, 109 U.S. 654, 656. "The right to an action for an injury to the property of the judgment debtor, before the filing of the complainant's bill, whereby the property to which the creditor was entitled to resort for the payment of his debt is destroyed or diminished in value, appears to be such a thing in action as may properly be reached and applied to the payment of the complainant's debt, under a creditor's bill." Hudson v. Plets, 11 Paige 180, 183, 184.
The substance of the allegations of the bill is that the property of the corporation which it held in addition to the amount necessary to pay its debts was fraudulently taken from it without consideration. If the property cannot be returned, the liability of the wrongdoers is the value of such property, which the bill alleges to be not less than $500,000. The defendants, the Traction Company, participating in the fraud and receiving the property with full knowledge of the claim against it, hold the property subject thereto; and having in furtherance of the scheme put the property beyond the reach of the corporation, are liable to the extent of the injury. They hold wrongfully either the property or its proceeds. As the plea does not deny the facts upon which the liability depends, the case stands upon the admission of the Traction Company of their liability to the Massachusetts Construction Company Incorporated, in the sum of not less than $500,000. This fund, *Page 286 admittedly in the hands of a resident of this state, is property within this jurisdiction.
The plaintiffs, bringing their suit as shareholders, can recover only upon a right of the corporation. If by amendment of their bill they could recover of the defendants upon any other ground than the right of the corporation, it would be immaterial whether there had been service upon the corporation or not. In short, if the litigation relates to property of a non-resident corporation in this state, sufficient notice has been given to bind the corporation as to the disposition which may be made of the property. If it is not brought to enforce a corporate right, no notice to the corporation is necessary.
The proposition, that to a shareholders' suit to enforce a corporate right in protection of their equitable interest in the corporate assets the corporation is a necessary party, has been approved and followed in numerous cases. Such corporation is said to be necessary party because its rights are involved in the litigation which would necessarily be fruitless unless the corporation and the stockholders represented by it, other than the plaintiffs, are bound thereby. March v. Railroad, 40 N.H. 548, 568; Davenport v. Dows, 18 Wall. 626; Bagshaw v. Railway, 7 Hare 114, 131; Cook Stock Stockh., s. 692. Some text-writers and some cases go farther and hold such corporation to be an indispensable party, "not simply on the general principles of equity pleading, in order that it may be bound by the decree, but in order that the relief when granted may be awarded to it, as a party to the record, by the decree" (3 Pore. Eq. Jur., s. 1095); or, as it is otherwise expressed, because the relief asked for "must be worked out by or through" the corporation. Black v. Huggins, 2 Tenn. Ch. 780; 1 Mor. Corp., s. 257. If the relief sought requires a personal judgment against the corporation the principle is well stated in this manner, though as thus broadly put it is not sustained by the authorities. The ground generally stated is the necessity the corporation should be bound by the judgment.
The earliest case upon the question is Robinson v. Smith, 3 Paige 222 (1832), in which a demurrer to the bill was sustained because the corporation was not joined as defendant. In the later case of Cunningham v. Pell, 5 Paige 607 (1836), the same court say: "But it is a fatal objection to all the relief claimed by the bill that the corporation is not made a party. This question was decided in the case of Robinson v. Smith before referred to. Although that suit was brought by the stockholders, and this by a creditor of the corporation, the principle is the same in both cases. If this creditor could compel the defendants to account to him, . . . the corporation, if in existence, *Page 287 might hereafter compel the defendants to account a second time to it. Although the corporation is located in another state, if it does not appear voluntarily it may be proceeded against as an absent defendant."
The cases are numerous in which the general proposition upon which the defendants rely has been approved or followed. A somewhat extensive examination has failed to discover a case tutoring upon the precise question here: whether stockholders in a foreign corporation may maintain a suit for property of the corporation found within the jurisdiction, unless the corporation appears or is served with process within the jurisdiction. In Samuel v. Holladay, Woolw. 400, 415, there was no service and a return of non est inventus. There appeared reason to believe that the corporation might be served with process, but the case was not continued for that purpose because found unmaintainable on other grounds. The question of the sufficiency of service upon the corporation as a non-resident to bind it as to property under the control of the court was not raised. In Redmond v. Hoge, 3 Hun 171, and Crumlish v. Railroad, 28 W. Va. 623, the language of the court tends strongly to sustain the position that jurisdiction of the property authorizes the maintenance of the suit. In the case first referred to the court say (p. 176): "We have jurisdiction of the property because it is within our territory. . . . We are not prepared to say . . . that this court has not, under such circumstances, power to intervene, so far as relates to the property actually within the state. The court is not powerless, in such a case, to enforce any judgment it may render, so long as it is limited to the particular fund which it finds here and takes from the hands of persons over whom its jurisdiction is complete and puts it into the safe keeping of its own officers. . . . It is idle to answer that the courts of Connecticut have jurisdiction over the corporation; for such jurisdiction, so far as it affects the questions and remedies here, is futile. . . . A receiver, if appointed there, must resort to our courts to reach the appellants and the fund in their hands, . . . and become substantially the receiver of this court, in order to acquire possession of the fund. But while no such officer exists in Connecticut, there seems to us no sound reason why the jurisdiction of this court may not be invoked to preserve a fund now in the hands of persons in our jurisdiction, and in danger of being lost by their insolvency or improper use." And the West Virginia court use the following language (p. 636): "It is not denied that a corporation, like an individual, cannot be bound personally, unless it appears or is by proper summons within its jurisdiction brought before the court; but it cannot be questioned that a court may, without personal service, take jurisdiction of the property of a non-resident person or foreign *Page 288 corporation, and its decree to the extent that it takes possession and disposes of the property within its jurisdiction will be binding upon all parties affected or interested, whether resident or non-resident." The jurisdiction of the courts of a state to seize the property of a non-resident corporation and apply it in satisfaction of the claim of a single creditor, or by proper proceedings distribute, it among all the creditors of a foreign corporation, is not open to discussion. As said by the supreme court of the United States in Blake v. McClung, 172 U.S. 239,247: "Beyond question, a state may through judicial proceedings take possession of the assets of an insolvent foreign corporation within its limits, and distribute such assets or their proceeds among creditors according to their respective rights." If the corporation has gone out of existence, no person except the shareholders has any interest in the fund remaining after the creditors are satisfied. "In such case, therefore, the stockholders are simply deferred creditors of the corporation, and as such they have the same right to sue for the protection of their rights, if the bill shows that they probably have such in the corporation, as any other creditor." Crumlish v. Railroad, 28 W. Va. 623, 634.
The legal title to all the corporate property is in the corporation, which acts only through its officers, who are agents of the corporation — not of the stockholders. The corporation itself is the proper person to bring any proceeding to enforce a corporate right. Shareholders as such have no right to bring suit in behalf of the corporation unless it appears that the corporate officers have been applied to to bring the suit and have refused, or the circumstances are such that such prior application is plainly useless. The suit, therefore, of the stockholders of a foreign corporation, attempting to recover property of the corporation, is necessarily a suit to recover property to which the corporate management make no claim. Such property or the proceeds of the suit having come under the control of the court, the power to protect the interests of corporation creditors being undoubted, if the corporation does not appear to claim the residue such residue would seem to present clearly the case of a fund without a trustee. The case of a going concern, even where upon actual notice the corporate managers refused to take charge of such corporate property, would appear to furnish evidence that as to such property the corporate franchise had been abandoned and authorize the interposition of a court of equity in behalf of those beneficially interested. But that question is not before us, for it is alleged in the amended bill that the purpose with which the assets of the corporation were turned over to the other defendants was practically to wind up the corporation, and that on December 31, 1901, all the business theretofore done in the name *Page 289 of the Connecticut company was closed up and its career as an apparently going concern definitely and finally terminated, and that it has no creditors. Although practically abandoned, it is not alleged that the corporation has been dissolved, and it is still in existence as against creditors. Parsons v. Powder Works, 48 N.H. 66, 69. But this would not render impossible the conclusion that the corporate franchise has been so abandoned by those possessing the control over it that the fiction of a corporate entity, as distinguished from the aggregate of individual corporators, all of whom are before the court, cannot be successfully set up to prevent the enforcement by the stockholders of their equitable rights to a fair accounting from those who aided in the fraud by which the corporation was wrecked. Ervin v. Company, 20 Fed. Rep. 577. The case upon these allegations is one of a fund deliberately abandoned by the trustee, and which equity will not allow to be lost for the want of a holder of the legal title. The argument of the defendants would lead to the proposition that the officers and agents of a foreign corporation doing business in this state and having property here, having attempted to dispose of all the corporate property for the express purpose of depriving the stockholders of the value of their shares and with the intent of closing up the corporation, can by abandoning the corporate property remaining here, and escaping from the state after the filing of the shareholders' bill before service upon them, defeat the efforts of the shareholders to secure their equitable interest, in what is left through the courts of the state where the property is. To assent to this proposition is to deny the courts of a state jurisdiction over all property in it, and to assert the indefensible doctrine that property owned by a foreign corporation is beyond the law.
The plea avers that the Construction Company has no property in this state. If this be so, the action is not maintainable upon any ground heretofore considered; but this averment denies only by argument the Construction Company's right of action against the pleader, and the plea is bad because argumentative. If not open to this objection, the plea would avail nothing; for a joinder of the issue so tendered would involve the trial of the whole case made by the bill. If the admission of the facts alleged in the bill were actual instead of formal, the question in what way the equitable rights of the plaintiffs in such fund are to be worked out would now be raised. The question may never arise, because the plaintiffs may fail to establish the existence of the fund. If they do establish it, the corporation may appear and claim it. Whether, if the corporation does not, it will be necessary to appoint a receiver here to take charge of the fund; whether this court will undertake to distribute the fund and close up the corporation, or order the funds into the hands of a *Page 290 receiver in Connecticut; and whether the plaintiffs may not in some state of facts provable under the bill be entitled themselves to a judgment against the pleader, are questions which have been discussed, but which it is not now advisable to consider. The court has no jurisdiction, as the case has been considered, unless the fund is here. The jurisdictional fact being in dispute, convenience requires that this fact be settled before time is taken to consider difficult questions of which may not be material in the case. The only material question now is, whether the plaintiffs can proceed and establish the claim of their corporation against a New Hampshire corporation. Of this claim the courts of this state have jurisdiction. Except by consent of the Traction Company, a domestic resident corporation, no other court could acquire jurisdiction. Manifestly, the claim must be litigated here, if at all. The plea was properly overruled.
Exception overruled.
All concurred.