No question is made that as against Bibber the bank became the owner of the stock in February, 1901, when Bibber transferred and assigned to it his certificate. He did all it was possible for him to do to vest the absolute title to the stock in his vendee. "It seems too clear for argument, that the ownership of the shares passes from the seller to the buyer by force of the contract of sale, and not by operation of law; and if that be so, the buyer's title, so far as the seller is concerned, attaches the moment this contract is fully consummated between them." Scripture v. Soapstone Co.,50 N.H. 571, 585; Meredith Village Savings Bank v. Marshall, 68 N.H. 417. But so far as the corporation and interested third parties, without notice, are concerned, the vendee ordinarily does not acquire all the rights of a stockholder until the transfer is entered on the corporate records. The right to become such a stockholder after an assignment of the certificate is a valuable right, constituting in a very material sense a part of the consideration for the vendee's purchase. Without such a right enforceable in the courts of law, the sale of stocks would be seriously hampered, resulting in much commercial and industrial inconvenience and embarrassment.
The bank when it purchased the Bibber stock was entitled to believe that by complying with certain reasonable regulations it would be recognized as, and in fact become, a stockholder in the corporation, possessing all the rights of other stockholders. Bibber's certificate which he assigned to the bank contained the solemn statement of the corporation, by its authorized officers and agents, that Bibber was the owner of 350 shares of its stock, and that the stock was fully paid and non-assessable. The principal reason now assigned by the corporation for refusing to register the transfer to the bank and to issue to it a new certificate, is that *Page 475 Bibber paid nothing for the stock, and that under the laws of South Carolina he was not for that reason the owner of the stock represented by his certificate. If that conclusion of law is correct so far as Bibber is concerned, and if while he held the certificate he could not legally act as a stockholder or claim to be the owner of the stock, it would be most inequitable to hold that his vendee, having no notice of any infirmity in his title and relying upon the unequivocal assertion of the corporation contained in the certificate that he was the owner of the stock represented thereby, should be deemed to be in the same position with reference to the corporation that Bibber occupied. Under such circumstances, the most obvious principles of equity and justice require that the corporation should be estopped from denying the title of the innocent vendee who has given value for the stock. "The reason arises from the nature of a share certificate, which, as already stated, is a continuing affirmation of the ownership of the specified amount of stock by the person designated therein, or his assignee, until it is withdrawn in some manner recognized by law; and a purchaser in good faith has a right to rely thereon and to claim the benefit of an estoppel in his favor as against the corporation." 2 Thomp. Corp., s. 2599. "If the certificates state upon their face that the shares have been fully paid up, the corporation will be estopped from denying the truth of this representation, and cannot charge the purchaser and transferee with further liability, although the shares have never in fact been paid up." 1 Mor. Corp., s. 306; 2 Cook Corp., s. 416; Scripture v. Soapstone Co., supra; Boston Albany R. R. v. Richardson,135 Mass. 473; Holbrook v. Zinc Co., 57 N.Y. 616; State v. McIver,2 S.C. 25; Fraser v. Charleston, 11 S.C. 486; Moores v. Bank,111 U.S. 156, 165. As no suggestion is made that the certificate was not regular in form and properly executed by the officers of the corporation, or that the corporation lacked the power to issue the stock for any purpose, it is not important to inquire whether the stock was legally and regularly issued to, or acquired by, Bibber. The corporation and the stockholders whom it represents are estopped to interpose that defence in this suit; and unless some other reason exists for its refusal to permit the record of the transfer to be made on its books and to recognize the bank as a stockholder, it would seem that the bank has established its right.
The fact that since the plaintiff is a national bank it has no authority or power to invest its funds in the stock of other corporations, does not demonstrate its inability, or want of corporate power, to become a stockholder in another corporation upon receiving the stock in payment of a legitimate claim against the former owner of it. "In the honest exercise of the power to compromise *Page 476 a doubtful debt owing to a bank, it can hardly be doubted that stocks may be accepted in payment and satisfaction, with a view to their subsequent sale or conversion into money so as to make good, or reduce, an anticipated loss. Such a transaction would not amount to a dealing in stocks." First Nat'l Bank v. Bank, 92 U.S. 122, 128. In California Bank v. Kennedy,167 U.S. 862, 366, the court say: "No express power to acquire the stock of another corporation is conferred upon a national bank, but it has been held that, as incidental to the power to loan money on personal security, a bank may in the usual course of doing such business accept stock of another corporation as collateral, and by the enforcement of its rights as pledgee it may become the owner of the collateral and be subject to liability as other stockholders. National Bank v. Case, 99 U.S. 628." See, also, Concord First Nat'l Bank v. Hawkins, 174 U.S. 364. The plaintiff bank, having in the ordinary course of business received the stock as collateral security for a loan to Bibber, afterward sought to protect itself from loss by becoming the owner of the stock. It enforced its lien on the security, and thus became the owner thereof. So far as appears from the case, it was not dealing in stocks as a primary business, but, as incidental to its general business of loaning money, it acquired Bibber's title to the stock, as, upon the authorities, it had a right to do. How long it may hold the stock under the national banking laws, it is unnecessary to inquire. The fact of the good faith of the transaction, so far as material, was established by the finding of the superior court, to which no exception was taken.
As the plaintiff's right to relief, either legal or equitable, seems to be clear, it becomes necessary to consider whether the superior court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the suit. No claim is made that the defendant was not regularly a party at the beginning of the litigation, hence it thereby became amenable to such orders as justice might require. Justice required the allowance of the amendment by which the action at law became an action in equity. To the ruling allowing the amendment the defendants took no exception, and they cannot now claim that they are not as fully parties defendant as they were when they appeared in the action at law. Nor is the position tenable that the court will not entertain jurisdiction in behalf of a foreign corporation. Kidd v. Traction Co,72 N.H. 273, 283. Both parties are properly in court. But it is argued that as the defendant corporation was chartered under the laws of another state, this court has no power to grant the relief sought, because it relates to the internal affairs of the corporation, which it is the peculiar and exclusive province of the courts of the incorporating state to supervise and regulate. *Page 477 It may be conceded that the courts of one state either have not the power, or deem it injudicious to exercise the power, of determining rights dependent upon the essentially internal management of the affairs of a corporation chartered by the laws of another state. The forum of the latter state, it is held, affords the most appropriate place for such litigation, principally for the reason that ordinarily it alone possesses power adequate for the enforcement of all orders and decrees that justice may require. 6 Thomp. Corp., s. 7904. While there is not entire unanimity in the cases as to the correct definition of the expression "internal affairs" (Beale For. Corp., s. 307, 3 Clark Marsh. Priv. Corp., ss. 864, 865), it cannot be controverted that a foreign corporation, legally made a defendant in an action upon a contract which it had apparent authority to make, cannot escape liability thereon upon the mere ground that it is a foreign corporation. In such a case it enjoys no immunity or privilege not possessed by domestic corporations or individuals. If it has legally bound itself by a contract with a plaintiff who sues in his own right, and not as a stockholder or director of the corporation, the jurisdiction of the court to pronounce judgment against it cannot be questioned. The determination of its liability involves its external legal relations to one not in any way officially connected' with it. If, having the power to do so, it issues its promissory note or bond, which is regularly transferred to the plaintiff in the ordinary course of business, it cannot escape liability in the courts of another state where it is properly made a defendant, though the construction of the contract may involve a consideration of the statutes and decisions of the state of its incorporation. Limerick Nat'l Bank v. Howard, 71 N.H. 13. The question relates, not to its internal management or affairs, but to its obligations to others arising from the prosecution of its legitimate business; and ordinarily those obligations are enforceable wherever the corporation can be made a party to the action. 19 Cyc. 1238.
"In the exercise of these functions, any crimes committed, penalties, fines, or forfeitures incurred by the violation of our laws, or any contractual liability to a citizen incurred, may be redressed in our courts, and in such case the jurisdiction does not depend on whether the corporation is doing business generally in this state, but the jurisdiction attaches in the one case to enforce a public law of the state against an offender, and in the other to enforce a contract, and in any case falling under either of these classes it is wholly immaterial from what foreign state or government the company derives its chartered powers, or to what extent it is doing business in this state. But where the act complained of affects the complainant only in his relation as a shareholder or *Page 478 officer of the corporation, and no public right is involved, then the controversy must be said to relate to the internal affairs of the company; and in case of a foreign corporation, the great weight of authority is opposed to the jurisdiction of the court of equity." Bradbury v. Mining Co.113 Ill. App. 600, 608. See, also, March v. Railroad, 43 N.H. 515; Kansas etc. Co. v. Company, 135 Mass. 34; Madden v. Company, 181 Pa. St. 617, 622; North Star Mining Co. v. Field, 64 Md. 151; Guilford v. Telegraph Co.,59 Minn. 332.
The plaintiff is not a stockholder of the defendant corporation, in the full and proper sense of that term. When it became the owner of the stock it occupied the position of a stranger to the corporation; and what it now seeks is the enforcement of the obligation of the corporation then incurred, if at all, to recognize it as a stockholder. As the corporation is estopped to urge as against the bank that the stock was not legally issued, it must be treated as valid stock when the bank became the owner of it. The case then stands as though the stock was valid and binding on the corporation in the hands of Bibber when he sold it to the bank. In that aspect, the plaintiff acquired a right by the transaction to have the stock transferred on the books of the corporation, so that it would possess as against the corporation and as against the world all the privileges of a stockholder, which it is conceded are valuable. 2 Cook Corp., s. 442. The right to a transfer of the stock on the books of the corporation was one of the rights acquired by the bank at the time of the sale. The corporation had in effect agreed to make such transfer upon the presentation of the former certificate by a bona fide vendee and a demand for such transfer. In order to make its stock conveniently salable and thus to enhance its value as an investment, it represented to all who might desire to purchase its stock, and to all stockholders who might wish to sell their stock, that it would invest the purchasers thereof with all the rights of stockholders by making a record on its books of the fact of each sale as made. Having made such representations and assumed such obligations, it would be highly inequitable for it to repudiate the same to the prejudice of innocent purchasers of its stock.
In this respect the law of South Carolina is not peculiar. The statute of that state, providing that "no transfers of stock shall be valid except as between the parties thereto, until the same shall have been regularly entered upon the books of the corporation" (Code, s. 1894), was not intended to limit the power of a corporation to agree with a bona fide purchaser of its stock to enter the transfer on its books upon demand and notice, when no legal reason exists for its refusal. Such a construction of the statute would render *Page 479 stock issued by corporations of that state of little value as investments in commercial dealings. For some purposes, and as against parties having prior claims or liens on the stock, an unrecorded transfer may be invalid, and is so regarded in South Carolina. State Bank v. Cox, 11 Rich. Eq. 344; State v. McIver, 2 S.C. 25; Parker v. Bank, 53 S.C. 583; Efird v. Land Co,55 S.C. 78; White v. Bank, 66 S.C. 491, 494. This statutory provision, if not complied with, does not prevent a valid sale for some purposes, or justify the corporation in captiously refusing to allow an entry on its books which shall make the sale valid for all purposes, or which shall amount merely to a performance of its agreement to permit such record. 3 Clark Marsh. Priv. Corp., ss. 585, 586; Scripture v. Soapstone Co., supra. This limitation is effective only so far as its enforcement is supported by reasons of commercial utility and fairness. To authorize the issuance of stock, and to declare the validity of its sale, even as against the corporation, to depend upon the caprice of the corporate officers in recording or refusing to record the transfer, would be an unreasonable construction of the purpose of the legislature in empowering the corporation to place its stock upon the market and to make it salable. It would in effect authorize the corporation to repudiate its contractual obligations. The defendant was not disqualified to bind itself to permit the record of the transfer of the Bibber stock to the plaintiff.
The plaintiff's right to a transfer therefore depends on the contract of the corporation. The bank is merely seeking the enforcement of a contractual obligation. It is not attempting in this proceeding to interfere with the essentially internal affairs of the corporation. It asks merely that the corporation — a party to the suit — shall recognize it as a stockholder, by virtue of its representation to the bank at the time of the sale that it would do so. The court is not asked to determine what the rights of a stockholder may be in this foreign corporation, or to exercise a discretion in behalf of the plaintiff in regard to the corporate management of the defendant. The relief sought is merely the enforcement of a contractual right which accrued to the plaintiff when it bought the stock of Bibber. It then impliedly promised that it would permit the transfer. 3 Clark Marsh. Priv. Corp., s. 603; Pinkerton v. Railroad, 42 N.H. 424; Bond v. Iron Co., 99 Mass. 505. "A certificate of stock is not necessary to the complete ownership of the stock. . . . But the corporation is bound, upon demand, to issue a certificate of stock to one who is entitled to it; and if it refuses, the stockholder may bring suit in equity to compel its issuance, or he may sue it in an action at law for damages." 1 Cook Corp., s. 13. *Page 480
It is further argued in behalf of the defendants that the New York judgment against Bibber bound the plaintiff; in other words, that the plaintiff, although not in fact a party to that suit, is concluded thereby, because according to the books of the bank Bibber alone was the owner of the stock in controversy, and because the sale of the stock by him vested no title in the bank. But the last reason, in view of the foregoing discussion, is not supported by reason or authority. The entire title which Bibber had to the stock passed to the bank at the time of the sale, February 25, 1901. May 1, 1902, the bank notified the defendant corporation that it was the owner of the Bibber stock; so that the corporation was apprised of the claim of ownership by the bank long before January 3, 1903, when the New York suit was instituted. The bank's title to the stock for all purposes then depended upon the mere formality of a record, since, as above suggested, the corporation had no legal ground for objecting to the record. Under such circumstances, at least it cannot be said that the bank had no legal title to the stock in January, 1903, as against the corporation; and since Bibber was not only not the owner of the stock at that time, but was not in any sense the agent or representative of the bank — the true owner — in that litigation, the binding effect of the New York judgment upon the plaintiff is not apparent. The effect of the defendants' contention is to deprive the plaintiff of valuable vested rights by a judgment against a third party in. a suit to which it was not a party, either directly or indirectly. It is unnecessary to cite authorities to show that such a result cannot be sustained. Holbrook v. Zinc Co.,57 N.Y. 616.
It is also contended that the plaintiff is not entitled to a decree for specific performance since he has a plain and adequate remedy at law. In view of the authorities to the contrary, that proposition does not demand extended discussion. It is "contrary to the overwhelming weight of authority. An action for damages does not always afford an adequate remedy for refusal of a corporation to recognize a person as a stockholder; and it is well settled, therefore, that if a corporation wrongfully refuses to recognize and register a valid transfer of stock, and issue a new certificate to the transferee, he may maintain a bill in equity to compel it to do so." 3 Clark Marsh. Priv. Corp., s. 605; 1 Cook Corp., s. 13. It is to be observed that this is not a proceeding to compel a vendor of stock to assign and deliver his certificate to the vendee under contract of sale (Eckstein v. Downing, 64 N.H. 248), but to compel the corporation to perform a merely clerical act for the benefit of a vendee who has already purchased and now holds the certificate. To deny him relief by specific performance, upon the ground that he could recover damages at law, would be, in effect, *Page 481 to compel him to sell what he already owns at such a price as a jury might think it was worth. And especially ought a court of equity to decree specific performance when, as in this case, the real and prospective value of the stock depends upon the future development and management of the corporate enterprise.
So far as the claim that the plaintiff is guilty of laches in not bringing its suit sooner presents a question of fact, it has been found untenable by the superior court, and so far as a question of law is involved, it is sufficient to say that it does not conclusively appear that the plaintiff's delay in this respect was unreasonable or that the defendants have been prejudiced thereby in any respect. Douglass v. Railroad, 72 N.H. 26, 31.
The exception to the exclusion of the testimony of the witness relating to an admission made by Greenwood, a director of the bank, who was also its vice-president, is unavailing. The ruling of the court was based upon the fact that it did not appear that the official of the bank was authorized to bind the bank by the proffered admission. Since there is no presumption of law that his official relation to the bank furnished or proved such authority (Low v. Railroad, 45 N.H. 370, 381; Wait v. Association,66 N.H. 581; New Boston Fire Ins. Co. v. Upton, 67 N.H. 469), the exception presents no error.
Exceptions overruled.
All concurred.