My study of the case leads me to the conclusion that the judgment should be affirmed. *Page 534
The question requiring decision in this case is whether, under the particular proofs here exhibited, the bank, pledgee, was liable to defendant, pledgor, in damages, for its failure upon pledgor's direction, to sell the collateral which he hypothecated with it as further security for the payment of his note, although the bank did not, in the first instance, agree so to do.
The theory or basis upon which the case was tried, and upon which liability was fastened upon the bank, was that it was responsible and answerable to the pledgor for its actionable negligence in the premises.
Bearing this in mind, let us see what the facts disclose. We learn that appellant-pledgee was a banking corporation of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; its place of business was in Philadelphia. On October 5th, 1931, the liquidation and winding up of its affairs, for reasons not here involved, were placed in the hands of the secretary of banking of that commonwealth. During the aforesaid process, he caused suit to be instituted here against defendant to enforce the payment of his note. This note was dated December 26th, 1930, for the sum of $18,000 and was collaterally secured. The collateral (two hundred shares of The Fair Company; one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five shares of City Stores, common; seventy shares of City Stores "A"; one hundred shares of Lit Brothers (new) and twelve shares of Lit Brothers, preferred, had an aggregate value at the time of $50,000. At the time of suit (December 23d 1933), it was alleged that there was due on said note $16,941.20 with interest from October 1st, 1931.
Defendant's answer admitted the execution of the note but denied that there was anything due thereon. In addition to that denial, defendant set up a counter-claim against the bank. This claim consists of two counts. The first is based on the refusal of the bank to sell the collateral at the direction of the defendant. The second is based on an alleged conversion of the collateral.
Thereafter, application was made to the then Circuit Court judge, Henry H. Eldredge, to strike the answer and counter-claim *Page 535 and for entry of summary judgment on the ground "that the allegations contained in said answer and counter-claim are untrue and sham and that the allegations contained in said answer and counter-claim are frivolous." The application was denied on March 5th, 1934. But before the denial thereof, as aforesaid, plaintiff filed a reply to the answer and a denial to the counter-claim.
We learn more. The proofs at the trial disclose, and it was open to the jury to find, that the defendant was very much disturbed and concerned about his loan with the bank. He viewed with particular apprehension the daily downward trend of the value of his stocks. He felt very nervous about continuing to hold such a large block of stock on borrowed money. He, thereupon, conferred with Mr. Duphinee, who was the vice-president of the bank in charge of this item of business, explained to him his financial position, his apprehensions, and directed that the stock be sold. Mr. Duphinee pleaded and urged defendant not to sell. This plea appears to have been based on the fact that defendant, as a friend of the bank, ought not to force it to sell. The stated reason was that to sell would further depress the market value of the stock, and thus adversely affect the value of like collateral held by the bank on loans made to many other of its borrowers. But defendant persisted that the stock be sold. Although the proof indicated a fairly active daily market for the sale of the securities, Mr. Duphinee agreed, for the bank, that he would sell "in small quantities as best he could."
Defendant left for the south on a business trip. He returned the early part of May, 1931. He ascertained that the bank had not sold his stock. Whereupon he wrote this letter (Exhibit D-3):
"May 11, 1931.
Mr. A.V. Duphinee, Vice Pres. Franklin Trust Company, Philadelphia, Pa. My dear Mr. Duphinee:
I was very much disturbed over the fact that you did not sell my collateral and liquidate my loan, and I cannot agree *Page 536 with you that during these trying times, as you put it, a friend of the bank, should not, for selfish purposes throw on the market a large block of City Stores stock, as it will tend to break the market and affect many of your customers who have pledged their stock with the bank as security for their loans.
As I told you more than three months ago, I felt very nervous about continuing to hold this large block on borrowed money and therefore requested your good bank to sell it in order to liquidate my loan. I can see your point of view; if my circumstances were different, that is, if my stock was fully paid for and I had not outstanding obligations to meet you may be right, but unfortunately I am not in that situation; I thereforeurge a prompt sale of my collateral and use the proceeds in theliquidation of my note and thus save me from further loss.
I note that the stock dropped yesterday and that if same is sold promptly, at a price even much lower than quoted yesterday, your loan will be fully liquidated and I will receive some money which I can use to very good advantage.
Regretting that my present financial situation does not permit me to follow your kind suggestion, I remain,
Very truly yours, EDMUND GOERKE."
In addition thereto defendant called Mr. Duphinee on the telephone and confirmed his written instructions. Again defendant left for the south on business. And when he returned he found that the bank had not sold his collateral and that it had been taken over in pursuance of state authority.
We learn further that the market value of the stock, as of February and May, 1931, was $30,000. At the actual dates of trial (January 30th and 31st, 1935), and after a sale of the collateral during the process of liquidation, there was still due on the note the conceded amount of $15,776.15.
I think that it should also be observed notwithstanding defendant's directions to sell there was proof pointing to the *Page 537 fact that he continued to pay the monthly interest on his loan from February, 1931, to October, 1931.
The trial judge submitted the case to the jury on the theory of actionable negligence. And, as requested by counsel of appellant, charged (second request), that the defendant was bound to show, before he is entitled to damages on his counter-claim, "that thebank was guilty of negligence; and that the mere failure to sellthe collateral is only some evidence of negligence and notconclusive." The court, as further requested, also charged (fourth request) that if the defendant made "interest payments after the request was made by him to the bank to dispose of his collateral, and which collateral was not sold, that such conduct is some evidence of the acknowledgment of his indebtedness to the bank." He, however, refused, inter alia, to charge:
"First: The plaintiff, being the holder of the note, had the right in the event of default to sell the collateral at any time, without demand, in accordance with the terms of the note, and, the plaintiff was not duty-bound to dispose of the collateral at the request of the defendant unless the plaintiff and defendant entered into an agreement, which agreement in order to be valid in law would have to be supported by consideration. In this case there was no consideration to support any such agreement."
The jury returned a general verdict of $12,983, in favor of the defendant and against plaintiff. It is the propriety of the judgment based on that verdict that is here challenged.
Appellant argues here that it was reversible error for the trial judge to refuse to charge the first request of charge as aforesaid. This argument is based substantially on the same grounds upon which appellant based its argument on the application to strike the answer and counter-claim, and the motion to direct a verdict in its favor. Restated, this argument is that the collateral note embodies all of the contractual obligations beween the pledgor and the pledgee in the premises; that since this obligation contains no undertaking to sell the collateral upon the direction of the pledgor, the pledgee was under no legal obligation to do so. And, assuming that *Page 538 the pledgee did, after the date of the collateral note, agree to sell the collateral there was no consideration to support that undertaking, and it was, therefore, unenforceable.
What was the effect here of pledgor's direction to pledgee to sell his collateral?
In our state we have no case directly on point; with us it is a question of first impression. The decisions of the courts of our sister states are not in accord. Some hold that in the absence of a contract varying the powers and duties of the parties, as a general rule, the pledgor may not make it the duty of the pledgee to sell the collateral by directing or requesting him to do so; and that a subsequent contract between the same parties varying the original undertaking must be supported by a consideration. But there is respectable authority to the contrary. See cases collated in Annotation, tit. "Pledgee's Duty to Sell,"77 A.L.R. 379, 382, 384.
But I do not find it necessary here to decide whether in the absence of an agreement between the parties so requiring, a bare direction by a pledgor to a pledgee to sell the collateral and the bare refusal of the pledgee to do so, or the failure of the pledgee, who, under like circumstances, promised to sell but does not do so, renders the pledgee liable in damages to the pledgor for loss sustained on the theory of the breach of a contractual obligation. This was not the theory upon which this case was tried; it was tried solely on the theory of pledgee's negligence.
What then was appellant's duty in the premises on the theory of negligence?
My answer is that, "within certain limitations (Irving v.Mutual Trust Co., 82 N.J. Eq. 629, 633; 90 Atl. Rep. 274, and Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh v. Long, 309 Pa. 470;164 Atl. Rep. 346, 348), the pledgee was a trustee of theres. It was under the common law duty of exercising ordinary care in the premises; that ordinary care which a reasonably careful and prudent person (here a banking institution), should have exercised under the same or similar circumstances, and for the failure or neglect to exercise that care it was liable. *Page 539
The case of Bardsley v. First National Bank, c.,Montclair, 111 N.J.L. 512; 168 Atl. Rep. 665, urged by appellant, is especially emphasized in the opinion of the majority. With great deference to my colleagues, I fail to see its application to the question involved in the case at bar. The quoted portion of that case treats merely of the reciprocal rights and obligations of the pledgee's right to retain, and the pledgor's right to a return of the collateral pledged. Obviously, none of these questions are involved in this cause.
In the case of Peoples National Bank and Trust Company ofBelleville v. Ginsburg, 108 N.J.L. 415; 156 Atl. Rep. 491, it was held:
"* * * Normally the pledgee of stock is entitled to hold it as security for the payment of the debt so long as that debt remains unsatisfied, and, in order to entitle the pledgor to require a sale thereof by the pledgee, where the price producd by such sale would not satisfy the debt for which the stock was pledged, the pledgor, as a condition precedent, must pay to the pledgee such an amount of money as will, together with the price for which the stock is to be sold, satisfy the debt which the pledge was given to secure. It is admitted that no offer to do this was made by the defendants; and further, that they had not sufficient funds to make up the deficiency between the amount of the debt and the amount for which they had contracted to sell the stock."
It is contended for the pledgor that the unmistakable inferences to be drawn from that holding is that if a sale of the securities would be sufficient to pay the entire debt the pledgee must dispose of the collateral when requested to do so by the pledgor, and failure to do so constitutes actionable negligence.
We now learn from the majority opinion that what was said in the case of Peoples National Bank, c., Belleville v.Ginsburg, supra, "as to the necessity of a tender of the difference between what was due and what the securities would bring" in order to entitle the pledgor to require a sale thereof by the pledgee was unnecessary to the decision of that case; that no cases are cited or discussed in the opinion in support thereof; and that it was merely an answer to argument of counsel. *Page 540
Let us turn to the record of that case. That record discloses that the case was tried solely on the theory of alleged negligence on the part of the bank. That the bank was under a duty to exercise ordinary care; that liability could be fastened on it, if it breached that duty, for resultant damages, was conceded for the bank. What the court said on the issue as tried, was, therefore, proper. Nor do I think that an opinion of this court is less authoritative or binding simply because it neither cites nor discusses authorities. This court makes for authority.
The theory upon which this cause was tried finds support not only in the case of People's National Bank, c., Belleville, v.Ginsburg, supra, but in other jurisdictions. For example in the case of Amick v. Empire Trust Co., 296 S.W. Rep. 798;53 A.L.R. 1064, the Supreme Court of Missouri held:
"* * * that the failure of the pledgee to comply with clear and positive directions of the pledgor, or principal debtor, to take prompt action to collect or sell the collateral and apply the proceeds upon the principal debt, constitutes such negligence on the part of the pledgee, or creditor of the principal debtor, as renders the pledgee liable to the pledgor in damages for any loss occasioned to the pledgor by such negligence on the part of the pledgee. The rule is so announced by this court in NationalExchange Bank v. Kilpatrick, 204 Mo. 119;120 Am. St. Rep. 689; 102 S.W. Rep. 499, and has been followed by the several courts of appeals in Union Cold Storage and Warehouse Co. v.Pitts, 176 Mo.App. 134; 161 S.W. Rep. 1182, and FirstNational Bank v. Hahn, 197 Mo.App. 593; 198 S.W. Rep. 489. That such is the established law in this state is conceded by the brief of respondent filed herein." See annotation53 A.L.R. 1095; 77 A.L.R. supra; Van Zile on Law of Bailments (2d ed.) 275, § 292; Jones on Collateral Securities andPledges (3d ed.) 830, § 702; Schouler on the Law ofBailments (3d ed.) 214, § 208.
Again I do not, however, find it necessary to determine whether the mere refusal of a pledgee to comply with positive *Page 541 direction to take prompt action to sell the collateral is in itself sufficient to constitute such negligence as to render the pledgee liable in damages to the pledgor for any loss sustained by the pledgor.
For, I think that the second request to charge, urged by counsel for appellant below and adopted by the court, sets forth a correct exposition of the law applicable in this case, namely, that before defendant could recover on his counter-claim he was obliged to prove that the bank was guilty of negligence, i.e., that it did not exercise ordinary care in the premises, that ordinary care which a reasonably, careful and prudent banking institution should have exercised under the same or similar circumstances. And, that the mere failure to sell the collateralwas only some evidence of negligence and was not conclusive.
I have detailed the proofs in this case. I did so to indicate that there was more, much more, evidence pointing in the direction of the bank's negligence than the bare refusal on its part to carry out the instructions of the pledgor to sell the collateral.
Why did the bank refuse to sell the collateral? Did it refuse because it took the position that it was under no legal obligation to do so? If that had been its position it could have so advised the pledgor. But this it did not do. Was it because in good faith and in the exercise of an honest judgment it had concluded that it was not the ordinary or careful prudent thing to do, or, was its refusal based on a purely selfish reason, namely, its fear of the effect of such a sale on the value of like collateral held by it? In other words, did the bank in bad faith, negligently place its own financial interest above its assumed and ordinary obligation in the premises? Did the bank act in good faith and honesty, or did it act in bad faith and dishonesty when it lulled the pledgor into a false sense of security when it agreed to sell his security "in small quantities as best it could" and then did nothing about it to his damage?
We are further told by the majority of some of the things thatmay happen if liability be fastened upon a bank under *Page 542 the instant circumstances. It is said that such a "contingent liability" would not appear upon its books when examined by its directors or the state banking authorities, and that it is "likely to cause great loss to depositors and stockholders alike." That observation assumes that any other careful or prudent banking corporation would take the same position which was taken by the bank in this cause. Common banking experience is to the contrary. I dare say that any one who has ever made a secured loan of a bank knows that all the borrower has to do is to authorize the bank to sell his collateral, and if the market value of that collateral is sufficient to liquidate the loan, the bank does so. It is the common banking practice. And whether a liability imposed upon a bank based on negligence, as here, will cause great loss to its depositors and stockholders is, of course, uncertain and highly speculative. The facts of the given case will have to control. But what did, in fact, happen to theborrower here is altogether free from any uncertainty or speculation; his collateral (valued between $30,000 and $50,000) was entirely wiped out, and he still owes $15,776.15 plus interest from January 31st, 1935, on his original loan of $18,000.
I think that the refusal of the pledgee to sell at the direction of the pledgor, under the proofs here exhibited, and the proper inferences to be drawn therefrom, presented a jury question, i.e., did the bank fail or neglect to exercise ordinary care in the premises and did that neglect or failure occasion the loss sustained by the pledgor?
To my way of thinking the proofs fully support the result reached.
Moreover, "a party may take alternative positions as to the certain matters or things, but not inconsistent ones with reference to the very same identical matter or things." Cleaves v. Yeskel, 104 N.J.L. 497, 504; 141 Atl. Rep. 814.
As stated, appellant requested and the court so charged (second request), that the pledgor could not recover unless he proved that pledgee was negligent; that pledgee's refusal to sell the collateral upon direction of pledgor was not conclusive but merely some proof of negligence. In other words, *Page 543 the relevancy of pledgee's refusal to sell, subject to its probative force and effect, was conceded. Obviously, such proof could only be relevant if the pledgee was under a duty to the pledgor. It is now argued for appellant, upon the same proofs under which the second request aforesaid was made, that the pledgee was under no duty to the pledgor. This is not an alternative position; it is, clearly, an inconsistent position with reference to the very same identical matter. It cannot be maintained; it is untenable. Robins v. Mack InternationalMotor Truck Corp., 113 N.J.L. 377, 386; 174 Atl. Rep. 551.
Judges Hetfield, WolfsKeil and Rafferty join in this opinion.
For affirmance — PERSKIE, HETFIELD, WOLFSKEIL, RAFFERTY, JJ. 4.
For reversal — THE CHANCELLOR, CHIEF JUSTICE, LLOYD, CASE, BODINE, DONGES, HEHER, DEAR, WELLS, JJ. 9.