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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 291 The trial court in this case held that, by the true construction of the will of Mr. Washbon, the defendant Nancy Cope having survived her father, took an absolute estate in the moneys bequeathed to her by his will. The General Term, upon appeal, has reversed that finding, and has construed the will as giving but a life estate to Mrs. Cope if she should die without children. The judgment of the Special Term was, therefore, reversed and a new trial granted. The defendant Mrs. Cope has appealed here. She maintains now before *Page 294 us that the interpretation placed by the Special Term upon the will of her father in this action is the correct one. The plaintiffs maintain the contrary, and as a bar to the defendant Mrs. Cope entering upon an inquiry as to what is the true construction of the will of her father, they produce the decree of the surrogate upon the accounting of the executors of her father's will, in which the surrogate construed the will as giving to Mrs. Cope only a life estate in case she should die without children. It becomes necessary, therefore, before we enter upon a discussion as to what is the true meaning of the will of the testator, to determine the correctness of the plaintiffs' claim in regard to the effect of the surrogate's decree. Mrs. Cope denies that any such effect is to be given to that decree, because of the fact that she was never served with any citation in that proceeding, and that the appearance of an attorney for her therein was wholly unauthorized and did not permit of any adjudication being made in that proceeding which would be binding upon her, and also because the surrogate had no jurisdiction to construe the will, and his construction of it was, therefore, wholly without any binding force.
We think the objection grounded upon the unauthorized appearance of her attorney and the non-service of any process upon her cannot prevail in this action. It has been settled by an unbroken line of decisions in this state, running many years back, that, unless under some peculiar and extraordinary circumstances, not existing in this case, the objection that a party was not served and an appearance by an attorney in a court of record for such party was unauthorized, and, hence, that the judgment was without jurisdiction, cannot be taken in a collateral proceeding or action, and that the party is confined to a motion in the original action in order to obtain relief. This was decided in the case of Denton v. Noyes (6 Johns. 297) and has been followed by many cases since that time, the last of which in this court is that of Vilas v. R.R. Co. (123 N.Y. 440), where the whole doctrine was reviewed and affirmed as above stated. The case of Ferguson v. Crawford (70 N.Y. 256) also contains a discussion of the general doctrine *Page 295 in the opinion by RAPALLO, J. In this case we are, therefore, bound to regard the decree of the surrogate as of the same effect, so far as the rights of Mrs. Cope are concerned, as if she had been duly cited or had authorized her attorney to appear for her in that proceeding.
As a general rule, the surrogate has no jurisdiction to construe the provisions of a will excepting so far as it may be necessary for him to do so in order that he may properly perform some other duty which has been imposed upon him by law. There is no general and inherent power vested in him or in his court to construe devises or bequests as a distinct and independent branch of his or its jurisdiction. Even a court of equity vested with general jurisdiction over equitable subjects has no such inherent power as that, and its only power to construe the provisions of a will is based upon, and is incident to, its jurisdiction over trusts. (Mellen v. Mellen, 139 N.Y. 210, and cases cited in the opinion of ANDREWS, Ch. J.) The statute itself provides for the effect of a judicial settlement of the accounts of the executors. (See sections 2742 and 2743, Code Civ. Pro.)
The facts in this case do not bring the determination of the surrogate upon the question of the construction of this will regarding its provisions for Mrs. Cope within either of those sections, and such determination is not conclusive or binding upon her. Sometimes it may be necessary for the surrogate to construe the provisions of a will in order that upon the final accounting of the executors thereof he may decree distribution to those who, by the provisions of the will, are entitled to any portion of the proceeds remaining undistributed, or where distribution by the executors has already been made, may, upon their accounting, determine whether they have or have not erroneously and improperly made distribution of some of the estate, and if they have the surrogate may hold them liable in their accounts. But generally it is for the purpose of determining the correctness of the accounts of the executors or of decreeing proper distribution of the estate that this jurisdiction to construe the terms of a will becomes necessary, and may be *Page 296 exercised for the purpose of carrying out the jurisdiction actually conferred upon the surrogate. In this case no such contingency occurred. The moneys had been paid by the executors to Mrs. Cope, and the surrogate, by his decree, did not decide that such payments were legal or illegal. He decided nothing in regard to it, and he made no decree for the future distribution of any portion of the moneys which had been paid to Mrs. Cope by the executors. There was a bare assertion that Mrs. Cope took but a life estate in case she died without children, and there was no decree made for the distribution of such funds upon the death of Mrs. Cope, nor any decision in regard to who the parties were who might, upon her death, become entitled to those moneys or any portion of them. Thus the statement of the surrogate was nothing more than his opinion as to the proper construction of the will of the testator, upon which he based no action and made no decree. He did not exercise the jurisdiction vested in him upon the accounting of the executors by providing for the distribution of these moneys, or by deciding upon the legality of their past payments, and in this case it was only for that purpose that he might claim jurisdiction to construe the provisions of the will. As that decree is not conclusive upon Mrs. Cope so far as the construction of the will of her father is concerned, we are brought to an examination of the will in order to see what its correct construction may be.
We find in the first place by the 4th clause an absolute and unconditional bequest of $10,000 to his daughter, Nancy Cope, wife of John Cope, Jr., and by the 7th clause the testator makes residuary legatees and devisees of his three children, Robert, Henry and Nancy, the amount to be divided between them. We then find the 8th clause, that in the event of his daughter dying without children the portion given in the will to her was to be given to his sons or their heirs, share and share alike, and the sole question in the case is what is meant by the expression "in the event my daughter, Nancy Cope, wife of John Cope, Jr., shall die without children the portion," etc. Death at what time? Does it mean her death *Page 297 before the death of the testator, or does it mean her death at any time either before or after his death, provided she shall die without children? We are confronted in the first place by the well-settled rule that courts refuse to cut down an estate already granted in fee or absolutely when the supposed terms of limitation are to be found in some subsequent portion of the will, and are not in themselves clear, unmistakable and certain so that there can be no doubt of the meaning and intention of the testator. (See Byrnes v. Stilwell, 103 N.Y. 453; Roseboom v. Roseboom, 81 id. 356.)
The expression in the 8th clause, giving the most weight to it in favor of the plaintiffs, can only be said to be at least doubtful as to what period of time the death of the defendant Mrs. Cope is to be referred, and hence if the rule above mentioned is ever to be enforced it would seem as if this were one of the cases described by the courts as being proper for its application.
There is another rule which is also well settled, that where the devise or bequest over to third persons is not dependent upon the event of death simply, but upon death without issue or without children, the death referred to is death in the lifetime of the testator. It is true that in some cases courts have stated that they would lay hold of slight circumstances to vary this construction and give effect to the language according to its natural import as referring to a death, under the circumstances mentioned, happening either before or after the death of the testator. But those circumstances must be such that a court can reasonably say there is good and fair ground upon which to base an alteration of the rule outside of and beyond the language which courts have heretofore held compelled them to enforce the rule as stated. When the language of a devise or bequest is such that the courts, without looking at any of the other provisions of a will, would say that such language meant, within the well-settled decisions, that the death spoken of was death before that of the testator, then the language in other portions of the will which is to alter that rule must be such as at least *Page 298 to give fair, clear and reasonable ground for saying that its proper effect is to change the rule in question.
In Quackenbos v. Kingsland (102 N.Y. 128) the language of the will was very much like that used in the 8th clause of this will, and it was held that the death referred to was the death of the beneficiary during the lifetime of the testator, and that as the beneficiary outlived the testator he took an absolute estate. In that case as in this, it was claimed that other language in the will showed an intent contrary to that which was attributed to the testator by the rule actually adopted, but a careful examination of the language failed to convince this court that there was enough in it to prevent the application of the general rule, and the case was decided accordingly. In Vanderzee v.Slingerland (103 N.Y. 47) the existence of the rule was again asserted, but in that case it was held there was sufficient in the language of the will to show that by the death of the beneficiary was meant his death at any time either before or after that of the testator. The provisions of that will, upon which the learned judge based his argument and which were sustained by the court, were quite strong and convincing of a different intent on the part of the testator from that which would usually be given to the words of bequest. Cornelius, the son of the testator, was the original beneficiary, but he was charged with the payment of certain legacies within two years after the death of the testator, and the language of the gift over was "in case my son Cornelius should die before the provisions of this will become an act, the devisees last named (the grandchildren) shall perform and fulfill all the conditions required of my son Cornelius to the legatees named in this my will." It was seen from the language of the will that the testator had in mind two contingencies: First, that his son Cornelius might die before him without issue, or die after him, and even after the two years and before he had paid the legacies, and it was held that the burden of paying the legacies was imposed upon the ulterior devisee in case of the death of Cornelius either before the testator or after his death, in case the direction for their *Page 299 payment should then be unexecuted. And upon that assumption of the true construction of the clause it was held to be clear that the words "death without issue," referred to a death at any time because it was inconceivable that the testator could have intended that the grandchildren should pay the legacies except in the event of their taking under the devise. I think the learned judge made it entirely clear that that was a case where it was proper and indeed necessary to discard the general rule for the purpose of following out the clear intention of the testator evidenced by language pointing unmistakably to a meaning such as was given to it by the decision of this court.
In Mead v. Maben (131 N.Y. 255) the general rule was again recognized and also its well-settled exception, that where the context of the will shows a contrary intent it should prevail, and the exception was applied to the will in that case.
There is nothing in the decision of the last-cited case which aids in the construction of the will now before us.
In Stokes v. Weston (142 N.Y. 433) the general rule is again asserted and carried out in regard to a will, the provisions of which were at least as doubtful as the one under consideration. (See, also, Matter of Tienken, 131 N.Y. 391,403.)
Enough cases have been cited to show what indeed there is no contradiction in regard to, that the exception to the rule must be quite clearly apparent from the language otherwise used in the will, and that unless such language is to be found which shall render the meaning of the testator quite clear the exception to the rule is not sustained and the rule itself must prevail. Upon looking carefully through the other provisions of this will we are unable to find any such clear indication of the meaning of the testator as would be requisite for us to find in order to overturn this general rule and set up the exception in its place. Speaking generally, the scheme of the will would seem to have been that the children of the testator should share equally in his estate. The $12,000 of personalty which is given to one of his children is made up in the case of Mrs. Cope by $10,000 to her and $2,000 to her husband. *Page 300 There is no proof as to the actual value of the two farms given respectively to his other two sons, but we certainly should not assume that they were greater than the portion given to his other children, in the absence of any evidence on that subject. The argument that the testator intended to keep the property which he gave to his daughter within the limits of his family and his heirs, and that consequently the death he had in view was the death of Mrs. Cope at any time without children, is one which can be adduced in most cases where language of this kind has been employed, and yet that fact has never yet been held to be sufficient to change the meaning which the law has placed upon language of this kind when used in a will. Upon the whole, we think that under the terms of this will Mrs. Cope took an absolute property in the bequests to her and that the Special Term was right in dismissing the plaintiffs' complaint.
The order of the General Term should, therefore, be reversed and that of the Special Term affirmed, with costs to the defendant Mrs. Cope in all courts. The appeal of the other defendants is dismissed upon the motion to dismiss made by the counsel for the plaintiffs herein, with costs.
All concur, except ANDREWS, Ch. J., not voting and HAIGHT, J., not sitting.
Ordered accordingly.