[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 100
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 101 The act of 1860 in legal effect, allows lessees or occupants of a building, which, without any fault or neglect on their part, has been destroyed or injured by the elements, or any other cause, so as to be untenantable or unfit for occupancy, to quit and surrender the leasehold premises, and relieves them, upon so doing, from all further liability for rent, "unless otherwise expressly provided by written agreement or covenant." (Laws of 1860, chap. 345; Johnson v. Oppenheim, 55 N.Y. 280.)
The lease in question, was of the room or premises designated as No. 1, on the basement floor of No. 4 Wall street, in the city of New York. On the 28th of September, 1876, during the term of the lease, the premises were inundated by water from the urinal in a room over the demised premises, but not connected therewith, whereby the demised premises (as was offered to be shown) were, without any fault or neglect of the defendants, rendered wholly untenantable, and unfit for occupancy. The defendants thereupon notified the agent and attorney of the lessor, and also the plaintiff (who had been appointed receiver of the leasehold premises), that the premises were untenantable, and that they would move out, and immediately thereafter they did remove from, and quit the premises. The plaintiff thereupon commenced to repair, and the workmen were occupied a month in putting the premises in tenantable condition.
This action is brought for rent accruing under the lease subsequent to the abandonment of the premises by the defendants, and they rely for their defense upon the statute of 1860. The question is, was the obligation to continue the payment of rent, notwithstanding the untenantable condition of the premises, "expressly provided by written agreement or covenant." The object of the statute is plain. It was designed to mitigate the rigorous rule of the common law, which, in the absence of special clauses in the lease, subjects lessees to the continued payment of rent, notwithstanding the premises have become untenantable, or been destroyed by fire or other casualty. This rule was based upon the construction given to a general *Page 103 covenant for the payment of rent. Where there was no exception or qualification in the lease, of the covenant to pay rent, the courts held that such an exception or qualification could not be implied, and the lessee was not relieved from his obligation, although, without fault on his part, he was deprived of the beneficial use of the demised premises. (Walton v.Waterhouse, 3 Saund. 422, note.)
The statute of 1860 in effect incorporates into every lease the privilege and exemption therein contained, unless "otherwise expressly provided by written agreement or covenant." There is in the lease in question, no express agreement, in so many words, that the lessees, if the premises become untenantable, or unfit for occupation, shall continue to pay rent to the end of the term. If it is essential, in order to exclude a lessee from the benefit of the statute, that there should be a written agreement or covenant, in express terms, obligating him to pay rent, notwithstanding the premises shall be destroyed or become untenantable, it ends the contention here, for no such literal and exact words, are to be found in the lease in question. But we think it would be too strict a construction to hold that the application of the statute is only excluded, where the continuing obligation to pay rent, notwithstanding the destruction of the demised premises, or such injury as should render them untenantable, is expressed in exact and precise terms. The statute doubtless requires that there should be an express agreement as contradistinguished from an agreement implied only, and it must also be in writing; and having in view the occasion and purpose of the statute, and the fair construction of its language, we think the intention to take away the benefit of the exemption, should be clearly shown on the face of the lease or other written agreement, before a tenant can be deprived of the benefit of the act. It is clear that he is not deprived of it by force of a covenant in the lease to pay rent for the whole term, for the statute restrains and limits the operation of this covenant, in the contingencies specified. Nor, in our judgment, is a lease taken out of the statute by a general covenant on the part of the lessee to repair. Such a covenant, in the *Page 104 absence of any thing in the lease explaining or extending it, would not, we think, prevent the lessee from availing himself of the statute. Read in connection with the statute, it would bind the lessee to repair, subject to the qualification that in case the premises should be destroyed, or should become untenantable, without his fault, he might abandon them, and terminate the lease. We think the words, "unless otherwise expressly provided by written agreement or covenant," while they do not require an agreement in totidem verbis, that the rent shall continue, notwithstanding the destruction of the premises, or their becoming untenantable, are nevertheless not satisfied, unless it appears from the lease or other writing that the parties had in mind the contingency mentioned in the statute, and inserted provisions or covenants, inconsistent with the right of surrender thereunder. There must be a necessary implication from the written agreement, of an intention that the rent and term should continue, notwithstanding the occurrence of the events mentioned in the statute, and such intention is not to be spelled out from doubtful clauses, or argumentatively inferred.
The lease in question does not, as we have said, state in precise terms that the rent is to continue in case the premises become untenantable, but we think the thirteenth clause, construed in connection with other clauses, substantially provides, that that event, shall not exempt the lessees from payment of rent, or entitle them to surrender the premises. That the premises were liable to be injured by water from other parts of the premises was contemplated by the parties, as the lease provides that the landlord shall not be liable for any injury or damage that may be done to the building or premises (i.e. the demised room) or to any goods, etc., kept or stored therein, which may leak or flow from any part of the building, or from any pipes or plumbing works, etc. The provision in the thirteenth clause that there shall be no deduction of rent during repairs, except made necessary by fire, is equivalent to an affirmative agreement to pay rent during such time, and is wholly inconsistent with the right of surrender, by reason of an untenantable condition, not produced by *Page 105 fire. The fifteenth clause provides for the case of injury by fire. By that clause the rent is to be suspended, if the premises are rendered wholly untenantable by fire until the damage is repaired, and if rendered but partially untenantable, a reasonable abatement is to be made, during the time occupied in making repairs. The landlord binds himself to make the repairs rendered necessary by fire, unless he elects to remodel or rebuild, and in case of such election, the lease is to terminate. By the fourteenth clause, the lessees covenant, to make all needful or required repairs, and surrender the premises at the expiration of the term, in as good condition as they were at the commencement, "reasonable use and wear thereof, and damage by fire excepted."
Construing the different provisions of the lease together, the agreement is, that in case of injury by fire the payment of rent shall be either wholly or partially suspended while repairs are being made by the landlord; that if repairs should be rendered necessary by other causes, there shall be no deduction of rent during the time occupied in making them, but the obligation to pay rent shall continue, and that in either case there shall be no right of surrender. We think this is the plain import of the agreement. It will be observed that the lease does not provide for the contingency of the entire destruction of the building by fire, or other casualty. But by the general rule of law, independently of the act of 1860, the lease being of a room in a building, and not of the whole building, the destruction of the building would terminate the lease, as the covenant of the lessee to repair, could not be held to cast upon him the duty of rebuilding the entire structure. (Graves v. Berdan, 26 N.Y. 498. ) For the reasons stated, we think the judgment should be affirmed.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 106