This action was brought on the equity side of the court for the purpose of setting aside a conveyance of real property, transfers of personal property and a release *Page 370 made by the plaintiff to the defendant Marie S. Wyse, his wife, upon the ground of the plaintiff's unsoundness of mind, imbecility and incapacity to dispose of his property, and of the undue influence exerted upon him by said defendant.
The evidence upon the trial was ample, if not overwhelming, to support the decision of the judge at Special Term, to the effect that, upon the occasions of the transfers of property in question, the plaintiff was not a person of unsound mind, or insane, or imbecile, or otherwise incapable of exercising his own free will in the disposition which he made of his property; that upon none of such occasions did the defendant Marie S. Wyse exert any undue influence over him to induce him to make any of the said transfers of property; that she at no time agreed to hold any of the property so transferred to her for the benefit of the plaintiff, or for the joint benefit of the plaintiff and herself, and that the release in question executed by the plaintiff was of his own free will and without any undue influence.
We have carefully examined the evidence, in the light of the argument made for the appellant, and we think no other conclusion could have been well reached by the trial judge. Nor do we think that any case was made out, which would warrant the court in fastening a trust upon the legal title of the defendant Marie S. Wyse to the property in question. The principle is not applicable here upon which a court of equity proceeds, in order to convert the transferee of property into a trustee; inasmuch as the case is lacking in the essential elements for its application. The decision of the trial judge not only negatives the idea of any undue influence exerted, or advantage taken, by the defendant Marie S. Wyse; but the circumstances, as fully revealed by the evidence, all militate in favor of the transfers of the property having been voluntarily made and without any condition or promise attached.
Our attention is directed to certain rulings of the trial judge upon questions of evidence. Non-experts, or lay witnesses, were examined as to their impressions of the mental condition of the plaintiff. The witness Williams, who knew the *Page 371 plaintiff and had been in the habit of meeting with him frequently, was asked this question: "From your observation of him and from conversations with him, what impression was left on your mind as to his condition mentally?" The witness Hill, who was a lawyer, and who had represented the plaintiff's wife in a previous action brought against her by the plaintiff to set aside these transfers of property, and who had had a conversation with the plaintiff, was asked this question: "From what you saw of him, and in the interview which you had with him, what impression was left on your mind as to his soundness of mind?" The witness Woolverton, who knew the plaintiff, and who had had occasion to see him at times in the course of his acquaintance, was asked this question: "What impression did Mr. Wyse's language and conduct make upon your mind as to the condition of his mind; was it rational or irrational?" To these questions the plaintiff's counsel objected; but the objection was overruled and an exception was taken. In admitting the answers of the witnesses to these questions, we think the court exceeded the limits of the rules of evidence in such cases. Lay witnesses cannot properly give an opinion as to the mental capacity of a grantor. They may state the impressions which the acts and declarations of the party, to which they have testified, produced upon their minds at the time, and as to whether they were rational or irrational. When the issue is as to the fact of the mental capacity or soundness of a party, a non-expert witness should not be allowed to express his opinion with respect to it. (Holcomb v.Holcomb, 95 N.Y. 321; Paine v. Aldrich, 133 N.Y. 547;People v. Strait, 148 N.Y. 569; People v. Youngs,151 N.Y. 219; People v. Koerner, 154 N.Y. 355.)
But, while these questions were improper in form, and there may have been a technical error in permitting them to be answered, we think that the error was not prejudicial to the plaintiff. From an examination of the evidence of the witnesses, it is apparent that they were stating only their impression as derived from the acts and conversations had *Page 372 with the plaintiff. (See People v. Youngs, supra.) The trial was before a judge, who had before him an overwhelming amount of evidence in the facts and circumstances tending to show the character and mental capacity of the plaintiff. Satisfied, as we are, that on all the facts and circumstances the result ought not to have been different, if such testimony had been rejected, we think, under the well-settled rule applicable to equity cases, a new trial should not be granted. (Apthorp v. Comstock, 2 Paige, 482; Matter of N.Y.C. H.R.R.R. Co., 90 N.Y. 342.)
There were hypothetical questions addressed to two medical experts called for the plaintiff, which were excluded upon the objection of the defendants' counsel. These questions called for an opinion as to whether, upon the assumption that the plaintiff, at previous times, was in the same condition in which the expert found him at the time of his examination, the plaintiff on those occasions had mental capacity to understand the quality and effect of his acts, or capacity to understand the effect of his acts in executing such a transfer. They called for an opinion, not as to mental disease, but as to mental capacity to do the act in question, which was the issuable fact in the case. In addition, the questions assumed facts not within the range of the evidence. Furthermore, the exclusion of the evidence called for by the questions, if it was in anywise competent, could not have prejudiced the plaintiff. This is true, not only by reason of the observations we have previously made, but because each of these medical experts had fully described the condition of the plaintiff, when he was examined by them, and had given an opinion as to his mental condition. The court was in full possession of the nature of the examination and of the opinions formed by the witnesses.
We think that no further discussion is required upon the questions in this case and that the judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur, except PARKER, Ch. J., and O'BRIEN, J., dissenting.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 373