Plaintiff brought this action to recover damages alleged to have been sustained as the result of a collision between a hired taxicab in which he was riding and one of defendant's cars. It is unnecessary to go into the details of the collision because no claim is made by defendant upon this appeal that there was not evidence entitling the plaintiff to go to the jury upon the questions respectively of defendant's negligence and his contributory negligence. The only questions requiring our consideration are those arising from the failure of the *Page 36 plaintiff to call the driver of the taxicab as one of his witnesses and the instructions of the trial court in connection with such failure.
This driver was at no time in the employ of or under the control and influence of plaintiff. After the accident he called upon the latter at the hospital and made a statement with reference to the collision and thereafter employed some attorney on his recommendation. Subsequently plaintiff procured his evidence to be taken upon a deposition and still later made a motion to suppress such deposition. Otherwise than by the subpœna or request of plaintiff he was present at the trial of the action with the knowledge of defendant. Each party swore various witnesses to sustain his or its version of the accident, but neither party called him as a witness. Under these circumstances the inquiry arises whether plaintiff's case became subject to any unfavorable inferences because of his failure to call this man as a witness.
The general rule is that no such inference may be drawn by a jury because a party fails to call as a witness one who is in a legal sense a stranger to him and is equally available to the other side. (Jordan v. Austin, 161 Ala. 585; Cullum v.Colwell, 85 Conn. 459; State v. Fitzgerald, 68 Vt. 125;Wood v. Agostines, 72 Vt. 51; Briody v. Persian Monarch, 49 Fed. Rep. 669; The Oregon, 133 Fed. Rep. 609, 629.) We think plaintiff fairly came within the terms and protection of this rule. As has already been pointed out there was no more relationship between him and the driver than there was between the driver and the defendant. It is doubtless true that his application for leave to take the evidence of the man on deposition indicated a belief that his evidence would be material and helpful. The presence, however, of the proposed witness at the trial prohibited the use of this deposition and we know as a matter of ordinary experience that there may be many reasons *Page 37 aside from unfavorable attitude which render it profitless to call one as a witness for the purpose of giving testimony which is essentially cumulative. But if we should assume that all of the other circumstances would have permitted an unfavorable inference as the result of a failure of the plaintiff to call this witness, we think that the significance of these circumstances was entirely offset and nullified by the failure of the defendant to call him. He was just as available to it as to the plaintiff. It was not subject to the disadvantage of being compelled to call as a witness one whose knowledge and attitude were unknown to it while being known to the other side. His evidence which had been taken upon deposition fully advised defendant of what this man claimed and of the theory of the accident to which he had become anchored by his sworn testimony on the deposition. When knowing all this it did not consider him to be so favorable to its side that it desired to call him, we do not well see how it could be inferred that he also would be so unfavorable to the other side that it did not desire to call him. The balance of his testimony could not well be unfavorable to both sides. The most that could be assumed would be that it was of such a character as to be of negligible value for either side.
The next and remaining question is the one whether the court by its instructions denied to plaintiff the benefit of the rule which we have stated and permitted unfavorable inferences to be drawn against him because he did not call this person. The trial justice in response to the request of plaintiff's counsel originally charged in substance that no duty was incumbent upon the plaintiff to call the driver as a witness. Thereupon defendant's counsel made the request: "I ask your Honor to charge the jury that they may take into consideration their failure to call him and say what they think," and the court charged: "The law is that if there is testimony which is favorable to either party and the party in whose *Page 38 favor the testimony is or liable to be, fails to call that witness, the jury may assume that had he been called his testimony would have been adverse." No exception was taken to this charge, but plaintiff's counsel then requested the court "to charge the jury that there is no evidence in this case that the testimony of this witness would be unfavorable to plaintiff," and the court having declined to make this charge exception was duly taken.
The charge made by the trial justice in response to the request of defendant's counsel and which has been quoted is so confusedly expressed that it is somewhat difficult to grasp its exact meaning. We are inclined to think, however, that the idea which the justice intended to convey to the jury was the one that if a party fails to call as a witness one who apparently would give favorable testimony if he could, the jury may assume that if called his testimony would have been adverse. Of course the meaning and application of this instruction in the present case was that the situation was such as between plaintiff and the taxicab driver that the jury might draw the inference that the evidence of the latter would have been unfavorable to the former if he had been called. While this charge passed without any exception and, therefore, does not of itself present a basis for claim of error it is of considerable materiality as bearing upon the following refusal of the court to charge that there was no evidence in the case that the testimony of the taxicab driver would have been unfavorable to the plaintiff. Interpreted in the light of what he had just said we think that the jury could not have understood his refusal as meaning otherwise than that it could assume that if the driver had been called he would have given evidence unfavorable to the plaintiff. Thus the defendant secured the benefit as an additional witness of one who knew intimately of the occurrence under investigation and this in spite of the fact that knowing what he would testify to it had been unwilling to call him as its witness. This must *Page 39 have been a serious handicap to the plaintiff's case with the jury and under the circumstances we think that it was an erroneous and unjust one which calls for a reversal of the judgment. (Wood v. Agostines, 72 Vt. 51, 54; Cross v. L.S. M.S. Ry. Co., 69 Mich. 363; Fonda v. St. Paul City Ry.Co., 71 Minn. 438.)
HOGAN, CARDOZO, POUND and McLAUGHLIN, JJ., concur; CRANE and ANDREWS, JJ., dissent.
Judgments reversed, etc.