[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 678 This is an action by a principal against his factors, to recover damages for an unauthorized and illegal sale of his property; and the question in the case is as to the proper rule of damages.
The complaint contains two counts. The first is for a neglect and refusal to obey plaintiff's instructions to sell his *Page 679 wheat at Buffalo, at a particular date, at $1.08 per bushel, or, in the event of their not doing so on such day, to ship same to New York; and for a violation of his instructions in selling the same at Buffalo for the price mentioned at a subsequent date, whereby plaintiff was deprived of large gains and profits in the sale thereof.
The second count is for a neglect and refusal to ship the wheat to New York, pursuant to instructions, and for shipping, using and disposing of the same in their own name and behalf, contrary to the plaintiff's instructions, whereby plaintiff lost the wheat and large gains and profits in the sale thereof.
The damages claimed in the complaint are, under the first count, the difference in price between the wheat as sold and what it would have sold for in New York; and, under the second count, the value of the wheat in the city of New York, deducting in each case the expense of transportation. There is also a claim for general relief.
The gist of the action, therefore, is for a breach of duty in making sale of the wheat in violation of the instructions of the plaintiff, and in converting the same to the defendants' use, resulting in the loss of the wheat to the plaintiff, and in the loss by him of large gains and profits in the sale thereof.
This embraces essentially a cause of action in case and in trover, and entitles the plaintiff to the damages recoverable in those actions. I am not aware that, in the absence of fraud or misrepresentation, or willful misconduct, there is any difference in the rule of damages applicable to this case, whether the action be for a breach of contract or for a violation of duty; and I agree with one of the judges who delivered opinions on the former argument, and with the Superior Court of New York inSuydam v. Jenkins (3 Sandf. S.C., 614), that there should be none. The question is one of complete indemnity to the party injured. It is not stated in terms, and perhaps not in effect, that the sale by the defendants was fraudulent or in bad faith; and, therefore, no damages, founded specially on that ground, ought to be recovered. But it is stated that the sale was without authority *Page 680 and in violation of instructions, and, therefore, every damage consequent upon such a sale should be allowed. It is not stated that the instructions to ship to New York were with a view to theimmediate sale of the wheat on its arrival at New York, and, therefore, the plaintiff should not be limited to the price of the wheat immediately after it would have arrived in New York, if forwarded according to the plaintiff's instructions. But it is stated, inferentially at least, that the order to ship to New York was with a view to an ultimate sale there, inasmuch as it is stated that, by the act of the defendants, the plaintiff lost large gains and profits in the sale of the wheat; and hence we may, perhaps, safely infer that the object of the plaintiff was eventually to make sale of the wheat. Perhaps, if this would involve a more restricted rule of damages than would otherwise obtain, the plaintiff is not limited to it, inasmuch as there is in the complaint substantially an allegation of an illegal conversion of the property by the defendants, entitling the plaintiff to such damages as belong to such a cause of action.
The causes of action in the complaint were sustained by the evidence. There was a plain violation of instructions by the defendants, though probably not in bad faith, and a sale by them at Buffalo or Tonawanda at a date when they were expressly ordered to ship to New York. This was a clear breach of duty, and, in effect, a conversion of the property; and the question returns, what damages was the plaintiff entitled to recover?
If the plaintiff's orders had been obeyed, he would have retained his property; and might, if he had so chosen, have kept the same up to the time of the trial, when a recovery for the value thereof would, in effect, and by operation of law, have transferred the title thereto to the defendants; or he might have elected his own time and place for the sale thereof. Of both of these rights he was deprived by the act of the defendants; and the defendants must make the plaintiff good. There is nothing in the case or in the evidence by which we can precisely ascertain what the plaintiff would have done with the property if he had retained it; and this *Page 681 presents one of the chief difficulties in ascertaining, in point of fact, the damages which the plaintiff has sustained. If he designed an immediate sale thereof, on its arrival in New York, the price at which he could have sold it at that time, as compared with the price which the defendants got for it, and which, from a stipulation in the case, we are authorized to infer, has been paid over to the plaintiff, would show the loss sustained by him. But, as before stated, neither the allegations in the complaint nor the evidence in the case discloses any clear proof of an intent to make an immediate sale; and I think, as well under well-settled rules of law as the reason and spirit of the case, the plaintiff ought not to be limited to such damages. He may be supposed to have been reasonably conversant with the market and with the prospects of a rise in price, and to have anticipated, to some extent, the results as to such rise, which subsequent events verified. What precisely he would have done is, as before stated, a question of difficult solution. If, at some subsequent time within a reasonable period after the conversion, he had notified the defendants of his election to adopt the price at that period, I think that would have fixed a reasonable and lawful standard for the estimate of damages. It would have been saying, in substance, I elect to consider the property as mine up to this period; I now elect to make sale of it, and I hold you responsible for the present value of the property. But no such course was taken. No notice was ever given, otherwise than such as is to be inferred from the commencement of the suit. No suit was commenced until years afterwards; and it is now claimed to be the legal rule that the aggrieved party may make price at any time after the conversion and before the trial of the cause, or, at least, that he may do so provided the suit is commenced within a reasonable time after the conversion. This was the rule adopted at the trial, with this qualification, that the price at the commencement of a suit, commenced within a reasonable time after the conversion, instead of the price at the time of the trial, furnished the criterion for estimating the damages.
In the absence of any definite means for ascertaining the *Page 682 period when the owner of the property would have disposed of it, we are necessarily more or less in the dark as to the amount of injury which he has sustained by the illegal act of the defendants, and are driven to resort more or less to conjecture, or to fix upon some arbitrary period for determining the price of the property. It is obviously a rule of doubtful justice to give to the plaintiff the whole period until the statute of limitations would attach for the commencement of his action, and the whole period intervening between the conversion and the trial to select his standard of price, without ever having given notice of his intention to adopt the price of any particular period. A much more just and equitable rule, independent of adjudications upon this question, would seem to be, to allow to the plaintiff some reasonable period within the statute of limitations for fixing the price of the property, provided he notifies the adverse party at the time of such act on his part; but never to allow him unlimited liberty of selection as to the price of which he will avail himself at the trial of the cause. If he does not make and notify his election of time, then to fix the time by the day of commencing the action, provided the action be commenced within a reasonable time after the conversion. This is an election to hold the defendant liable for the conversion, and in effect to treat the property as his. The time of the trial and verdict is, it is true, the time of the actual transfer of the property to the defendant by operation of law, or, rather, the payment or collection of the sum recovered completes and perfects the legal transfer to the defendant. But the commencement of the suit is the election to hold the defendant liable from and after that date for the value of the property. This, as it appears to me, is justice done to both parties. The defendant, by converting the property, becomes liable for its value. If the plaintiff elects to take its value as of that date, the defendant has had the benefit of that precise sum. If the plaintiff at any time makes price, and notifies the defendant, whether it be by a specific notice before the commencement of the suit, or by the actual commencement of the action, the defendant can go into the *Page 683 market and sell the property of the plaintiff which he has theretofore converted to his use and realize its market value, or, if he has disposed of it, sell the property which, at the time of the illegal conversion, if he wishes to protect himself from loss, he is legally bound to provide himself with as a substitute for it, to meet the plaintiff's demands. Thus the defendant can substantially indemnify himself against loss; and if he fails to take measures to do it, is justly responsible in damages for his unwarranted aggression upon the rights of the plaintiff. This seems to me the just and equitable rule.
It is not, however, perhaps quite the rule which has obtained in the law for settling the question of damages in the case of an illegal conversion of property. I think that rule is too well settled now to be shaken, whatever we may think of its intrinsic justice and propriety; and there are strong reasons to be urged in its favor in these respects. The defendants' counsel wish to unsettle it; but it is better to abide by a rule of law that is firmly established in repeated adjudications of the courts, than to have a fluctuating rule which is constantly varying according to the caprice or the fallible judgment of judges and juries.
I think the rule of damages applicable to cases of this description is reasonably well settled to be as liberal as this in favor of the plaintiff, to wit: to allow to the plaintiff the highest price for the property prevailing between the time of conversion and a reasonable time afterwards for the commencement of the action. Some of the cases carry the period up to the time of trial of a suit commenced within a reasonable time; and as between these two periods — the time of commencing the suit and the time of trial — the rule is somewhat fluctuating. What this reasonable time shall be, has never been definitely settled, and may, perhaps, fluctuate to some extent according to the circumstances of the particular case. In the case at bar, it was held to be four months after the conversion, which terminated before the close of navigation in that year; which latter circumstance might perhaps be supposed to have some probable influence in raising *Page 684 the market price of the property in New York, and therefore as not unlikely to induce the plaintiff to retain the property until that time. I think the adjudications allow at least so much latitude in cases similarly circumstanced. For reasons before stated, the limit of time is necessarily to some extent arbitrary, for the want of available means to determine when the plaintiff would have sold his property, and, by consequence, the damages he has sustained. But it has been supposed, and I think reasonably, that a liberal allowance of time should be made in favor of the plaintiff, and against the defendant, inasmuch as the latter is the defaulting party.
It has been held in cases where damages are sought for the breach of a contract for the sale of personal property, wholly executory on both sides, that the true rule of damages is the difference between the purchase price named in the contract and the price of the property at the time fixed for performance; that, as nothing had been paid upon the property, if the plaintiff still wished to obtain the property, he could go into the market and procure it with the sum named in the contract, with the addition of its rise in value, or, if he chose simply to pocket the damages, he could do so by receiving a sum equal to the difference in value between the two periods, and thus obtain complete indemnity.
But that, where the executory contract had been performed on the part of the plaintiff by the payment of the price, and was broken by the defendant by the non-delivery of the property, the true rule of damages was to allow to the plaintiff the highest market price intervening between the time of conversion and the time of the commencement of the action or of the trial when the action was commenced within a reasonable time after the conversion, upon the principle that it might be inconvenient or impossible and was unjust to require the plaintiff, in order to procure a similar article to that illegally converted, to pay the contract price a second time, with the added value prevailing at the period of performance; and that it was more equitable to hold the defendant responsible for the fluctuations of the market, so long as *Page 685 he continued to deprive the plaintiff of the article purchased, up to the period when, by operation of law and the effect of a verdict, the title was transferred from the plaintiff to the defendant.
It is further stated, in one of the opinions delivered in this case at a former term of this court, that the present case is in principle analogous to that of an executory contract for the purchase of the property where the purchase-money is prepaid, inasmuch as the plaintiff, owning the property, has paid its price and acquired an absolute title to it, and cannot with justice be called upon to advance again the purchase-money to buy a similar article. I concur in this reasoning, and think the same principle governs both cases. The plaintiff has, in effect, advanced the price of the article; he has done more; he has become its absolute owner. He is not to be required to purchase similar property anew, for he may not be in a condition to do so, and he has lost his property, not by any fault of his own, but by an unjustifiable appropriation of it by another party. On the other hand, his adversary has, without legal right, possessed himself of another's property, and placed himself in a situation where he may possibly realize large gains from property thus arbitrarily acquired.
The difficulty lies in fixing the precise period when the value of the property should be estimated. I think it must, in all cases, be a reasonable time after the conversion. Even if the evidence is satisfactory that the plaintiff intended to retain the property, I do not think he should be permitted to roam through the entire period between the conversion and the time when the statute of limitations would attach, for the purpose of discovering the highest price at which the property sold in market. This gives to the transaction the color of a mere speculation, and not of a just ascertainment of damages actually sustained. The plaintiff might repossess himself of the article lost, if not restored to him by the act of the offending party within a reasonable time after he has been deprived of it, and this would make him good. The defendant, in default of a restoration of the property or an article of similar quality, should be held to answer for its *Page 686 value within a reasonable period. To compel him to respond for a succession of years for fluctuations in value, would seem unjust and oppressive.
Where the party, as in this case, holds the property for the purpose of traffic and sale, a reasonable period, according to the course of trade, should be allowed for the purpose of making such sale. If it be clear upon the evidence that an immediate or speedy sale were contemplated, I think such a fact would contract the limits of this reasonable period. If it were clear that months were expected to intervene before a sale should take place, I see no objection to extending this reasonable period to a similar length. If the evidence reflected no light on the subject, then a reasonable period would probably be a question of law, or, if some evidence were introduced, might be a mixed question of law and fact.
I am unable to see that, on this question of reasonable time, the judge at the circuit committed any error which the facts in the case enable us to pronounce such, or of which the defendant is in a situation to avail himself. The judge charged — or held, for the trial was before the judge without a jury — that the measure of damages was the difference in price of the wheat at the time of the conversion and a reasonable time afterwards within which to commence the action; and in the light of what has been already said, I think the rule of law is therein well expressed. He further held, that such reasonable period was four months after the time when the wheat, if duly forwarded, would have reached its destination in the city of New York. This is supposed to have been error. By what legal rule are we entitled to pronounce this to be error? What is there in the evidence to show that this was an unreasonable time? The party alleging error must show it — the presumption being in favor of the correctness of the ruling. Is it claimed that the reasonableness of the time depended on the circumstances of the case, and was a question of fact? Then the judge has found the fact against the defendants, and they are remediless. No request was made to find any specific time as the reasonable time, nor objection made to the decision of the question of reasonable *Page 687 time as a question of fact by the judge, so far as there was a question of fact involved in it. An exception was taken, it is true, to the determination of the judge, that the 29th of November was a proper date to make the valuation of the wheat; but there is no evidence to show that that time was unreasonable, and, therefore, the only question presented is one of law, whether the defendant was liable to have the damages estimated by the price of the wheat at a reasonable time after the conversion.
I have not thought it necessary, after the copious citation and searching analysis of adjudicated cases contained in the opinions delivered on the former argument of this cause, to refer to them again or discuss them in detail. I have referred to the principles which are involved in them, and also to those which pertain to an equitable view of the subject. The result of my reflections and examination of the cases is, that the rule laid down at the trial is sustained by the course of decision on this vexed question.
I am of opinion that the judgment of the court below should be affirmed.
DENIO, Ch. J., DAVIES, WRIGHT, SELDEN and INGRAHAM, JJ., concurred in affirming the judgment; MULLIN, J., for reversal.
Judgment affirmed.
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