[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 199 This appeal is on behalf of the defendant Gillies, and is from a judgment for deficiency arising upon a sale under a foreclosure of a mortgage executed by one Dobbs to the plaintiff's testator to secure the balance of purchase-money upon the sale and purchase of several unimproved lots in the city of New York. The mortgage was given to secure a bond executed by said Dobbs for such purchase-money. The defendant Gillies was charged by the Special and General Terms on the ground that he was a co-partner with Dobbs in the purchase, and was liable as an obligor of the bond. The complaint alleges partnership generally, but claims that Gillies is personally liable for one quarter of the deficiency upon the ground that he assumed the payment of that amount in a deed which he received of one-quarter interest in the premises. The judge however found against a delivery of the deed, and the only question is whether a liability exists by virtue of a partnership.
The judge finds that Dobbs and Gillies, and one Raynor agreed to make the purchase on joint account on speculation, Raynor to have half, and Gillies and Dobbs one-quarter each, *Page 201 that Dobbs was to take the title, and give back a bond and mortgage, and each was to contribute his proportion of the purchase-money from his individual means, and divide the profitspro rata. That in pursuance of this agreement the purchase was made, the deed was executed and delivered to Dobbs with the authority and consent of Gillies and Raynor, Dobbs giving back his bond for the unpaid purchase-money and the mortgage in suit as security therefor, that each contributed his proportionate share of the purchase-money paid down ($5,000) and each paid thereafter his proportion of the interest on the bond.
To sustain this judgment requires the adoption of several propositions, all of which I find it difficult to approve. An existing partnership may purchase real estate with partnership funds, and for partnership purposes, and it is immaterial in whose name the title is. It is regarded in equity as between the partners and creditors as personal estate. A trust results from the payment of the consideration with partnership funds in favor of the firm. It is also well settled that a partnership may exist for the purpose of dealing in real estate, and there is considerable authority, and perhaps a preponderating weight of authority that such agreements may be proved by parol, without violating the statute of frauds. The tendency of the decisions in this State is in that direction, although the point has never been definitely settled by this court in a case where the question was necessary to the decision.
I shall assume the validity of the parol agreement in this case, but in doing so, it is not intended to affirm the proposition unqualifiedly, that every parol agreement, between two persons, to purchase a specific parcel of real estate, and pay for the same from their individual means, and take the deed in the name of one, although with a view of selling at a profit, is valid and binding upon the ground that it constitutes a partnership in any commercial sense, and is therefore not violative of the statute of frauds. In some of the cases where this doctrine is held there were other circumstances which *Page 202 obviated the objection, and there are respectable authorities against the doctrine. I cite a few of those examined on the question. (Chester v. Dickerson, 54 N.Y., 1; Fairchild v.Fairchild, 64 id., 471; Traphagen v. Burt, 67 id., 30; 3 Sumner, 435; Caddick v. Skidmore, 2 De Gex J., 55; 1 Munf., 316; 10 Ala., 447, 694; 12 Wis., 152; Story on Partnership, § 83, 139, and cases cited; Parsons on Partnership, 368; Dale v.Hamilton, 5 Hare, 369; Buchan v. Sumner, 2 Barb. Ch., 166;Smith v. Tarlton, id., 336; Patterson v. Brewster, 4 Edw. Ch. R., 352, 364; Lind. on Part., 83, and cases cited.)
Conceding a community of interest, and in some sense a partnership, it does not follow that all the incidents and liabilities of a commercial partnership attach. The transaction must be construed with reference to the character of the property and the legal rules applicable to it. The bond in question was executed by Dobbs in his individual name. Neither the name of Gillies appears in the bond, nor is there anything appearing indicating that it was executed on behalf of, or for the benefit of any other person. It is a general rule that in order to bind a firm upon an instrument executed by one of its members, it must be executed in the name of the firm, or in other words it must purport to be executed by the firm. Especially is this true in the cases of sealed instruments and promissory notes. (See cases before cited, Nat. Bk. of Salem v. Thomas, 47 N.Y., 15; Parsons on Part., 255; Parsons on Bills, 130; 11 R.I., 272; Storv on Part., §§ 102, 135, etc.)
This objection was sought to be overcome by the General Term, by the position that the individual name of Dobbs might be regarded as the agreed name of the firm, for the purpose of executing the bond. If this was so we should at once encounter the rule that the authority to execute a conveyance or any act required to be by deed, must be conferred by deed. (Worrall v.Munn, 1 Seld., 229, 239; Gates v. Graham, 12 Wend., 53, and note.) This court has recently held that oral authority to enter into a contract to purchase lands would not *Page 203 bind the principal upon a contract entered into by the agent in his own name, under seal. (Briggs v. Partridge,64 N.Y., 357.) But with great respect I cannot concur in the view taken that the name of Dobbs can be regarded as the firm name or that it represented any one but himself upon this bond. There is no such finding, and no evidence to warrant such a finding. True the finding is that Dobbs executed the bond with the consent and authority of Gillies and Raynor, but this does not necessarily imply that he was to execute it as their act. He was to execute it in his individual name and all the facts imply that it was to be his individual act, in pursuance of the verbal agreement by which they were to share in the profits. If we look at the evidence, it repels the idea of a joint obligation and tends to show that Gillies refused to take the deed, and give the bond and mortgage, because he was unwilling to be bound. It is competent for co-partners to agree to carry on the business of the firm in the name of an individual member. "The question in all cases is whether the name used, and to which credit is given, is that of the firm or a name which the firm has adopted and used as a name to designate the partnership." (47 N.Y., 15, per ALLEN, J.) InOntario Bk. v. Hennessey (48 N.Y., 545), under a co-partnership agreement where one of the members was to transact all the business of the firm, an agreement that the business was to be done in the name of that member was inferred. I do not complain of the propriety of the inference in that case, but it is left in doubt whether the court assented to it. One of the commissioners agreed to the judgment upon another ground, and a third one agreed to it, but it does not appear upon what ground, one dissented, and one did not sit.
Here was but a single act that of taking title and securing the purchase-money, and the presumption is that the name used in the bond, mortgage and deed was identical, and there is not the slightest circumstance tending to establish that the so-called firm intended to execute the bond, any more than the mortgage, or take the title as tenants in *Page 204 common. The substance of the transaction was that Dobbs was to take title, and give his bond and mortgage in his own name, and representing himself, and no one else, and this is not inconsistent with the agreement that Raynor and Gillies were to have an interest in the speculation. The question is, who executed this bond, and upon this point the intention of the parties is material. (2 Kent's Com., 25.) If the bond was not executed in the name of the firm, nor with the intention that it should be their act, can the vendor claim any rights against the others? I think not. He transferred the land to Dobbs and received $5,000, in cash, and a mortgage upon the premises, and the individual bond of Dobbs, to secure the balance of the purchase-money. This was the security which he bargained for, and received, and intended to accept. So far as he gave credit to any one, it was to Dobbs. It is probable if not presumable that he knew all the facts. Raynor was his son-in-law, and broker who negotiated the sale. I think the case fairly shows that all the parties, including the vendor, intended the transaction to be precisely what it purports on the face of the papers, and that neither of them intended or supposed that any one was liable upon the bond but Dobbs. Raynor afterwards became liable for the proportion of the bond represented by his interest under the parol agreement, by accepting a deed assuming such liability, but Gillies refused to accept the deed tendered him for his interest, and assume that proportion of the bond and mortgage, and judgment was not even asked against them as co-obligors. The liability based upon partnership seems to have been an afterthought. It is only by artificial, and unnatural construction, and inference, changing the real character of the transaction from what it was that the liability of Gillies can be established, and I do not think there is any legal warrant for it. Whatever validity there may be in the verbal agreement, it was an agreement inter sese, with which the vendor had no concern, and which he cannot avail himself of. The conclusion of the vice chancellor in Patterson v. Brewster (4 Edw. Chy., 364), where a *Page 205 similar attempt was made, is appropriate here. He said: "The court must therefore intend that he made his contract to sell on the personal responsibility of Wetmore and Havens, and upon the mortgages by way of further security. He must not complain if he is left with no other or better remedy than the securities which he holds can afford him." (Id., 367.) The payments upon the bond and mortgage by Gillies may tend to confirm the verbal arrangement that he was to have an interest, but they have no effect in changing the character of the bond from an individual to a joint obligation. They are as consistent with the former as the latter. I am unable to find any principle or precedent which will justify a court in holding Gillies personally liable as a joint obligor of this bond. The judgment to that extent must therefore be reversed.
All concur, except MILLER and EARL, JJ., absent at argument.
Judgment reversed.