The action is to recover the damages sustained by reason of an alleged unlawful restraint or quarantine of the plaintiff within her home at Syracuse, N.Y. The judgment in favor of the plaintiff, consequent upon a verdict, was affirmed by the non-unanimous decision of the Appellate Division. The appellants present to us exceptions to the refusal of the trial court to grant them a nonsuit at the close of the evidence and to parts of the charge to the jury.
The cardinal facts upon which the appellants rely are, in effect, undisputed. At the times involved the defendant Hessler was the commissioner of public safety of the city of Syracuse; the defendant Maloney, the health inspector in the department of public safety; the defendant Totman, the health officer, and the defendant Larabee, a policeman assigned to assist the health officer. In July, 1911, a woman living in a house adjoining that in which the plaintiff lived was ill with smallpox. The health officer, with the aid of the other defendants, thereupon quarantined, for the period from July 14 to July 29, 1911, the house of plaintiff and within it herself and the other occupants of the house. The claim of the appellants is that the trial court ruled, and erred therein, throughout the trial that the quarantine was wrongful unless the plaintiff had been, in fact, exposed to the disease, *Page 497 and that the existence of a reasonable ground or cause for the judgment of the health officer, if it existed, that the public health required the quarantine did not relieve him and the defendants fulfilling his orders from liability to the plaintiff. The Appellate Division held and the plaintiff urges that the claim of the appellants was not raised at the trial. We have decided that it was so raised.
The complaint alleges two causes of action. The first cause is constituted of the facts that the defendants wrongfully imprisoned the plaintiff at her home and advertised that she had, or had been exposed to, a loathsome disease, was unfit to be at large or pursue her occupation and thereby deprived her of her earnings, injured her feelings, held her up to ridicule and caused her to be shunned by her fellow-citizens. The second cause of action is constituted of the same facts, and the further facts that the defendants did the acts stated without any probable or reasonable cause, and "said plaintiff never had said disease and never had been exposed to said disease and there was no reasonable or probable grounds for the defendants' action in the premises." The answer contains a general denial. Obviously the issue of the good faith and the existence of reasonable grounds for the judgment of the appellants was raised by the pleadings. A statute pertinent to the issue provided: "Every such local board of health shall guard against the introduction of such infectious and contagious or communicable diseases as are designated by the state department of health, by the exercise of proper and vigilant medical inspection and control of all persons and things infected with or exposed to such diseases, and provide suitable places for the treatment and care of sick persons who cannot otherwise be provided for. It shall prohibit and prevent all intercourse and communication with or use of infected premises, places and things, and require, and if necessary, provide the means for the thorough purification and cleansing of the same before general intercourse with *Page 498 the same or use thereof shall be allowed. * * *" (Public Health Law [Cons. Laws, ch. 45], section 25.) At the trial the plaintiff's counsel, evidently adopting the statute as the sole authority for, and the test of the lawfulness of, the acts of the defendants, presented evidence of the quarantine by the defendants and the resulting damages to plaintiff, and that the plaintiff had not been "infected with or exposed to" the disease. The defendants presented evidence of their official capacities and the provisions of the ordinances of the city of Syracuse declaring smallpox an infectious or contagious disease and the general official powers and duties of the defendants, as follows: "Isolation — All communication with any house or family infected with scarlet fever, smallpox or diphtheria and such other diseases as may be declared at any time by the commissioner dangerous or a menace to public health, is hereby forbidden except to physicians, nurses or messengers, to carry necessary advice, medicine and provisions and to such other persons as may be necessary to render aid within said house, for the support or assistance of said family. The health officer shall order isolation or absolute quarantine in such cases or wherever he deems necessary, and take such other quarantine measures as he deems necessary in cases not above provided for;" of the conditions which tended to prove that the plaintiff had been, and they had reasonable and adequate cause to deem she had been exposed to the disease and in such manner that the quarantine of her within her house, as established, was necessary for the health and safety of the public. At the close of the evidence the defendants moved for a nonsuit and dismissal of the complaint upon several grounds. The fourth ground is alone relevant to the phase under consideration, and is: "Fourth, that the provisions of the Public Health Law of the State are not solely applicable here, because the Legislature by special enactment as to second class cities has modified the Public Health Law and given the common council *Page 499 power to adopt ordinances in relation to the public health of any second class city; that the common council of the city of Syracuse has accepted the delegation of power and has acted, and has clothed the Health Officer with wide powers, using in the ordinance the following language: `The Health Officer shall order isolation or absolute quarantine in such cases or wherever he deems necessary,' and take such other measures as he deems necessary in cases not otherwise provided for. Further, that the evidence shows in this case that the Health Officer acted in the premises entirely in accordance with the discretion and authority with which he was clothed." The motion was denied with an exception to the defendants. The court charged: "* * * We have to construe reasonably the statutes and the ordinances conferring those powers upon the board of health. Therefore when the ordinance of the city of Syracuse says that the Health Officer may whenever he deems it necessary quarantine a person or persons, we must hold that language to mean this: that he may quarantine such person or persons whenever he ought reasonably to deem it necessary; whenever there is reasonable cause for such quarantine; whenever the necessity is a reasonable necessity. And that means this: that the board of health or the health officer may quarantine a person suffering from an infectious disease or a person who has been exposed to an infectious disease in such way that he or she is liable to take it herself or to convey it to others. Now that is the power which the Health Officer and the board of health of this city have under the statute and under the ordinances of the city. He and they may quarantine a person suffering from an infectious disease or a person who has been exposed to such an infectious disease in such a manner that he or she is liable to take it himself or herself, or is liable to convey the disease to others. And that is the limit and extent of the powers which the board of health *Page 500 and the Health Officer have in regard to infectious diseases and the quarantining of persons for such diseases;" and charged finally that unless there had been an exposure in the manner stated the quarantine "was not justified, and the board of health and the health officer were doing what they had no power under the law or under the ordinance or in any way, to do; they were acting wrongfully and for that wrong Mrs. Crayton is entitled to such damages as were occasioned to her by it." An exception of the defendants' counsel was: "May it please your Honor, in order that I may preserve the position which I took in my motion for a non-suit, I desire to except to what your Honor said in reference to the ordinance and its effect; my idea being that the provisions of the second class cities charter mentioned in my motion for a non-suit delegated the power to the city which the city accepted, and consequently gave the Health Officer wider latitude. I don't wish to waive any objections I raised there."
The trial justice was thoroughly informed as to the ordinance. He repeated in his charge the language which the defendants invoked, and instructed the jury as to its meaning. He was informed that the defendants asserted freedom from liability, by virtue of the ordinance, in case they, in fact, with reasonable cause deemed it necessary to maintain the quarantine. The ordinances, the direct and positive testimony of the health officer and the deputy health officer that they deemed it necessary under the information and knowledge had by them and after a careful consideration to maintain the quarantine for the protection of the public health, and the motion and ground for the nonsuit so told him clearly and unmistakably. He as clearly and unmistakably rejected the assertion of the defendants and charged that the ordinance had not a broader or different meaning or effect than had the statute and, in effect, that good faith and reasonable cause to adjudge and act on the part of the defendants *Page 501 were not material or any justification. The exception as clearly and unmistakably pointed out to him that the defendants regarded and maintained his instruction to the jury as to the meaning and effect of the ordinance to be erroneous.
We are thus brought to consider whether or not the charge, in the regard in question, was erroneous. The legality of the procedure or manner of adoption of the ordinance was at the trial and has been throughout unquestioned. The authority to enact it is found, Syracuse being a city of the second class, in the Second Class Cities Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 53, sections 145, 146, 147, 148, 154). The trial justice held, and we will assume for the instant question that it does not infract any right protected by the Constitution or fundamental principles of municipal law, and, therefore, is valid. Valid ordinances have, within the proper territory, the character and effect of a statute and may correctly be said to be in force by the authority of the state. (Village of Carthage v. Frederick, 122 N.Y. 268;New Orleans Water Works Co. v. New Orleans,164 U.S. 471; Heland v. City of Lowell, 3 Allen, 407.) Our duty is to presume that each clause and sentence of the ordinance here has a purpose and use and the purpose and use signified by the usual and ordinary meaning of the language. (Matter of New York Brooklyn Bridge, 72 N.Y. 527.) Among all the objects to be secured by governmental laws none is more important than the preservation of the public health. As a potent aid to its achievement the state creates or authorizes the creation of local boards of health or health officers. The character or nature of such boards is administrative. In determining whether or not powers derogatory of common-law rights are conferred upon them by statutory enactment, the rule of strict construction must be applied and the bestowal must clearly appear. The powers in fact conferred upon them by the legislature or by virtue of legislative authority, in view of the great *Page 502 public interest intrusted to them, have always received from the courts a liberal construction. (Gregory v. Mayor, etc., of NewYork, 40 N.Y. 273, 279; Blue v. Beach, 155 Ind. 121.) In theGregory case we said: "The importance of sustaining that board (of health), in all lawful measures, tending to secure or promote the health of the city, should make us cautious in declaring any curtailment of their authority, except upon clear grounds. On the contrary, powers conferred for so greatly needed and most useful purposes, should receive a liberal construction for the advancement of the ends for which they were bestowed."
The language of the ordinance is common and intelligible. It has a meaning commonly adopted and acted upon. The first sentence forbids communication "with any house or family infected with scarlet fever, smallpox or diphtheria and such other diseases as may be declared at any time by the commissioner dangerous or a menance to public health." The first clause of the second sentence directs the health officer to order isolation or absolute quarantine "in such cases," that is, with or of any house or family infected with any of such designated diseases, or, the infection existing, of any house or person deemed by him to be the necessary subject of such action. The second clause of the second sentence directs him "in cases not above provided for," that is, in any case of a house or family infected with a disease other than either of the designated diseases, to take such other quarantine measures as he deems necessary. Clearly, it directs the health officer whenever and in case a house or family becomes infected with one of the designated diseases to quarantine the house or family, and any other house, person or thing, uninfected with or exposed or unexposed to the disease, adjudged by him to be a probable conveyor of the disease; and in case a house or family becomes infected with a disease other than those designated, to take such other quarantine measures as he deems necessary. *Page 503 It is not a mere repetition in differing words or the mere equivalent of the statute. It is a clear, independent authorization. Neither its language nor the intention of the common council expressed by the language, nor the manifest purpose of its enactment, permit us to approve the interpretation of it as charged by the trial justice.
The general authority to the health officer to absolutely quarantine in cases of the designated diseases "wherever he deems necessary" was not intended to and does not confer upon him unlimited power and right to control persons and property at his discretion. His action in such regard cannot be arbitrary, unreasonable or oppressive. The language was wisely chosen and has a far different meaning. As a preliminary to his action the health officer must deem the action necessary. He must adjudge his conclusion, that is, his conclusion must rest upon his knowledge of the facts and of the correct rules for their interpretation and application acquired through a reasonable and fair investigation and consideration at such sources as a person of ordinary intelligence and perception, charged with the responsibilities of the office, would regard as authentic and trustworthy. The conclusion thus reached must be that the action he orders is essential to public health. Conditions must exist which render, within reason and fair apprehension, his action essential for the preservation of the health of the public. For a mere error of judgment the officer cannot be held liable. Unreasonable and arbitrary action or malicious or partial action, or action in excess of his authority, causing injuries, supports his liability.
Our present conclusion is not in disagreement with our decisions in prior cases. (People ex rel. Copcutt v. Board ofHealth, Yonkers, 140 N.Y. 1; Matter of Smith, 146 N.Y. 68.) In these cases a statute required the existence of a defined and prescribed condition precedent to the action of the health officers threatened or complained of, which condition in fact did not exist. It may be that the *Page 504 decisions in these cases were based upon principles of law not applicable here — an hypothesis we do not consider. The police power defies precise definition and rigid delimitation. We hold here that the ordinance was authorized, was legally adopted, was a reasonable and valid health regulation under the police power of the state, vesting in the health officer a stated discretionary power, which, if lawfully exercised, protected those exercising it against the consequent damages to persons or property.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
HISCOCK, Ch. J., CARDOZO, POUND, McLAUGHLIN and CRANE, JJ., concur; ANDREWS, J., not sitting.
Judgment reversed, etc.