On February 26, 1910, one Dougherty, an employee of the defendant, made application to a loan broker in the city of New York for a loan of $37.00 and offered as security an assignment of his prospective wages. Inquiry was made of him as to his residence, employment, salary and place of business. Later he was notified that he could obtain the loan and he was told to call again upon the loan broker. He did so and upon suggestion assented to including in the proposed note eight dollars interest for the loan of the money for one month. Upon request he signed a printed blank form for a power of attorney. The power of attorney in evidence is the one signed by him and as it now appears it is to S. Blanding, a women, at that time residing in Portland, Maine, of whom he had never before heard. It gives to her very unusual and comprehensive power and authority, among other things, "To make and execute, signing my name thereto, a promissory note or promissory notes each and every of which shall be payable in the City of Portland, in the State of Maine, to the aggregate amount above stated. ($90.) Said attorney shall have full authority and power to determine the date or dates when said note or notes shall become due and payable, the rate of interest before and after maturity, the amount or rate of collection fee, if any, and the name or names of the payee or payees. To aid in the negotiation and sale of said notes my said attorney aforesaid is hereby authorized, at such time or times as may be necessary or as he may think proper, to make such an assignment, agreement, contract, or arrangement relating to my wages, now earned, now *Page 174 being earned, or hereafter to be earned, under my engagement with my present employer or under any engagement with any other employer with whom I hereafter may be engaged, as my said attorney may think necessary or desirable, the only limitation on this point being that said assignment, contract, agreement, or arrangement shall not affect my wages to any amount greater than five times the aggregate of the notes made and negotiated. * * * I further authorize, empower and direct my said attorney to negotiate, sell or procure the discount of, in the said City of Portland, State of Maine, the said note or notes aforesaid or to transfer in said City said note or notes as evidence of indebtedness for the best price or amount obtainable in cash, and in negotiating, selling, procuring the discount of or delivering the said note or notes, my said attorney shall have each and every right and power which I would have if I were personally present and attended to the transaction myself. * * *
"Said attorney shall have and is hereby given the right to receive the proceeds of said negotiation, discount or sale and over my signature give full receipt therefor. I hereby agree that the above power and powers of attorney are continuing powers until any and all indebtedness contracted through or by the execution of the same is finally and completely satisfied and paid, and said attorney is authorized to agree for me with any purchaser of my notes or the receiver of any collateral, that if sufficient funds are not received by virtue thereof to satisfy said indebtedness in full, then that from time to time, further assignments of wages due or to become due, from the employer by whom I am then employed, will be made and delivered. * * *"
The blanks in the printed form were filled in and it was sent to S. Blanding at Porland, Maine. She received it and without making any other effort to negotiate a note for Dougherty, went to the partnership firm of N.W. Hasten Company in that city with the power of attorney, *Page 175 and offered to sell a note to be made by Dougherty of $45.00, to be dated at Portland, Maine, and to be payable at said city, April 3, 1910, and that firm offered to pay therefor $37.00, whereupon she executed in the name of Dougherty such a note and delivered it to N.W. Hasten Company, together with the power of attorney, and received $37.00. She purchased a money order for $36.85, paying the fifteen cents which was deducted from the $37.00 for the money order, and it was sent to Dougherty with a letter saying that it was the best she could do for him, and that if it was not satisfactory to return the order. The letter was delivered to Dougherty at the loan broker's and he was there charged an additional two dollars as a brokerage fee, the net amount received by him for the note being $34.85. Miss Blanding testified that she is employed by the State Trading Corporation of New York. The relation between the State Trading Corporation and the loan broker, or between that corporation and the firm of N.W. Hasten Company, who are engaged in the business of purchasing notes at Portland, Maine, does not appear. Miss Blanding further testified that she received many similar powers of attorney and never sought to sell the notes referred to in such powers of attorney to any one other than the firm of N.W. Hasten Company, but insisted that she was in no way employed by said firm.
The note of Dougherty was not paid when due and on April 21, 1910, Miss Blanding, by virtue of such power of attorney, made a written assignment to N.W. Hasten Company of the salary due and to become due from the defendant to Dougherty. On the following day N.W. Hasten Company sent a copy of said written assignment to the defendant, by mail, together with a statement that if $60.50 were paid promptly and before the claim was put in the hands of an attorney the notice of an assignment would be withdrawn. Before the commencement of this action the N.W. Hasten Company assigned their claim against the defendant by virtue of said assignment *Page 176 to the plaintiff. In June following Dougherty offered to pay $50.00 in settlement of the note, which was refused. The defendant did not pay the amount as demanded of it and this action was brought to recover the amount alleged to be due on said note. The words "wages" and "salary" were used by the parties interchangeably and they are so used in this opinion.
A statute was passed in this state in 1904 (Laws of 1904, chap. 77), which was re-enacted as section 42 of chapter 45 of the Laws of 1909 (Personal Property Law, Cons. Laws, chap. 41) and as such was in force at all of the times mentioned in this case, and it is as follows:
"1. Any person or persons, firm, corporation or company, who shall after March eighteenth, nineteen hundred and four, make to any employee an advance of money, or loan, on account of salary or wages due or to be earned in the future by such individual, upon an assignment or note covering such loans or advances, shall not acquire any right to collect or attach the same while in the possession or control of the employer, unless within a period of three days after the execution of such assignment or notes and the making of such loan or loans, the party making such loan and taking such assignment shall have filed with the employer or employers of the individual so assigning his present or prospective salary or wages, a duly authenticated copy of such agreement or assignment or notes under which the claim is made.
"2. No action shall be maintained in any of the courts of this state, brought by the holder of any such contract, assignment or notes, given by an employee for moneys loaned on account of salary or wages, in which it is sought to charge in any manner the employer or employers, unless it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court that a copy of such agreement, assignment or notes, together with a notice of lien, was duly filed with the employer or employers of the person making such agreement, assignment or notes, by the person or persons, corporation *Page 177 or company making said loan within three days after the said loan was made and the said agreement, assignment or notes were given."
The statute quoted is for the benefit of the employer because it requires that he be given definite information of any claim by one, other than the employee, to the whole or any part of the salary or wages which the employer has promised to pay to such employee. The fact that such information is required tends to make the transaction between the borrower and lender more certain and definite, and thus to prevent to some extent subsequent annoying controversies and possible litigation in which the employer is almost inevitably involved, and by which his interests are more or less affected. In many cases it is important that the employer have the information required by the statute that he may determine whether the faithful service which he expects of the employee is in danger of being jeopardized by the transaction.
Such statute is also for the benefit of the employee because it tends to make him more deliberate and careful about a transaction of great importance to him. With the statute in force an employee is less likely to borrow small sums of money from persons whose only interest in the transaction is to obtain an exorbitant return for the money loaned, unless the agreement relating to the loan and the assignment of his salary or wages due or to be earned as collateral thereto is fully understood and thoroughly appreciated.
Such deliberation and care and the partial publicity resulting from giving the notice, "and a duly authenticated copy of such agreement or assignment or notice under which the claim is made" to the employer, would to some extent prevent improvidence and recklessness by and fraud upon the employee.
The statute is a reasonable exercise of the police power vested in the legislature and tends to preserve the public *Page 178 welfare and the particular welfare of both the employer and the employee. (Mutual Loan Co. v. Martell, 200 Mass. 482; S.C.,222 U.S. 225.)
Assuming, for the purposes of this opinion, that the statute did not require that N.W. Hasten Company file a notice of lien with the defendant when the loan was made unless Dougherty's salary was then assigned, it is necessary to examine carefully the power of attorney in connection with the facts so far as they are disclosed in the record to determine whether the salary was then assigned or whether an agreement or arrangement was then made in connection with the advance of money or loan on the note requiring an assignment of the salary at a future date.
The purpose of the power of attorney is expressed in the recited desire of Dougherty "To have made, executed, negotiated, delivered and sold certain notes to the aggregate amount of $90 or less." To accomplish such desire the attorney is given authority "at such time or times as may be necessary, or as he may think proper, to make such an assignment, agreement,contract or arrangement relating to my wages * * * as my said attorney may think necessary or desirable. * * *"
It further provides: "In negotiating, selling, procuring thediscount of or delivering the said note or notes, my said attorney shall have each and every right and power which I would have if I were personally present and attended to the transaction myself."
The parties attempted to make the power of attorney irrevocable so far as such loan is concerned by the following words: "I hereby agree that the above power and powers of attorney are continuing powers until any and all indebtedness contracted through or by the execution of the same is finally and completely satisfied and paid, and said attorney is authorized to agree forme with any purchaser of my notes, or the receiver of any collateral, that if sufficient funds are not received by virtue thereof *Page 179 to satisfy said indebtedness in full, then that from time to time further assignments of wages due or to become due from the employer by whom I am then employed will be made and delivered."
It appears from such power of attorney that the authority of the attorney to assign Dougherty's salary is for the purpose of aiding in the negotiation and sale of the note. Within such limitation the attorney is given authority that is only bounded by the authority of Dougherty if he were personally present. Such authority is to assign the salary in connection with and at the time of the sale of the note, or to enter into an agreement orarrangement at that time, by which the formal assignment is to be subsequently executed by her. No authority is given by the power of attorney to assign the salary except to aid in the negotiation and sale of the note. The advance of money or loan to Dougherty upon his note was either on account of salary due or to become due, or it was a loan wholly independent of any contemporaneous agreement relating to such salary. The written assignment was not made until about seven weeks after the note was actually discounted and the proceeds thereof as agreed were sent to Dougherty.
The conclusion is irresistible that the assignment was either made without authority or it was made pursuant to an agreement by the attorney with N.W. Hasten Company at the time when the note was purchased. Such an agreement would have been in pursuance of the terms of the power of attorney. An assignment of the salary seven weeks after the note was purchased, without such prior agreement, would have been without authority. In view of the facts, some of which we have recited, and many unexplained coincidents relating to the history of and relations of Dougherty's attorney and the note purchasers, and also and particularly the fact that Miss Blanding delivered the power of attorney to N.W. Hasten Company with the note, and thereafter assumed *Page 180 that she was obligated to make such written assignment when required by N.W. Hasten Company, it may be reasonably assumed that an agreement to assign Dougherty's salary was made at the time N.W. Hasten Company purchased the note. Such firm thereby became the equitable owner of Dougherty's salary as of that date.
If N.W. Hasten Company became the equitable owner of the salary at the time when the note was purchased, it was necessary, under any construction of the statute, to file "a duly authenticated copy of such agreement or assignment or notes under which the claim is made" with the defendant within three days as prescribed by the act, and the failure so to do prevents any recovery by the plaintiff herein.
Many other questions have been discussed upon this appeal, but it does not seem necessary to consider them in this opinion, particularly in view of the fact that the statute quoted was materially amended in 1911. (Laws of 1911, chap. 626.)
The judgment of the Appellate Division and also of the Municipal Court should be reversed and a new trial granted in the Municipal Court in the district in which the action was brought, with costs to abide the event.
CULLEN, Ch. J., GRAY, WERNER, WILLARD BARTLETT, HISCOCK and COLLIN, JJ., concur.
Judgment reversed, etc.