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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 494 [EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 496 The appellant draws in question (1) the sufficiency of the indictment; (2) the competency of jurors; (3) the rulings of the learned recorder upon questions of evidence; (4) his charge and his refusals to charge as requested by the prisoners' counsel, and he does so upon propositions which appear to have been presented to the learned judges at General Term, and by them so fully considered and answered as to make it apparent that a different result would have been little better than a miscarriage of justice.
The indictment is under title 9, chapter 2, section 193, subdivision 3, and section 195 of the Penal Code, and in substance charges "that the prisoner by certain culpable negligence, acts and omissions" in the selection and use of materials for and in the construction of a certain building which he was erecting in the city and county of New York, and which acts are specified, killed and occasioned the death of one Walters. One crime only is alleged — manslaughter in the second degree. Both sections of the Code above referred to define a number of unlawful acts, including those set out in the indictment, as constituting that crime. The case comes within those sections, and the form of the indictment is in substantial, if not literal compliance with the provisions of section 284 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Neither time, place nor circumstance was omitted. The time was stated to be the thirteenth of April and days prior thereto during the erection of the buildings, the place within the jurisdiction of the court, and the circumstances those enumerated in the statute as constituting the offense. We discover no imperfection, therefore, in it, either in form or substance, and those alleged against it by the appellant, if not wholly unfounded, do in no respect tend to his prejudice so far as substantial rights upon the merits are concerned, and hence they cannot affect either the indictment or judgment. (Code of Crim. Pro., § 285.) It follows that the trial court did not err in denying the defendant's motion in arrest of judgment. Upon such a motion only two objections are available: (1) To the jurisdiction of the court over the subject of the indictment; (2) that the facts stated do not constitute a *Page 497 crime. (Code. of Crim Pro., §§ 467, 331.) The first was not presented to the trial court, nor are either now relied upon. The other objections are unimportant on such a motion.
It is next argued that the trial court erred in overruling the challenges to three jurors: (1) John Bloom, on examination by the district attorney, testified that he knew of no reason why, if sworn upon the jury, he could not render an impartial verdict upon the evidence, and in answer to the prisoner's counsel he said that he had read in the newspapers about the occurrence in question, but had formed no opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the prisoner; that his mind was free from any impression in regard thereto, or the charge contained in the indictment, but was of the opinion, from what he had read, that the catastrophe was the result of culpable negligence on the part of some one, and that it would require evidence to remove the impression; (2) the condition of Myer's mind was disclosed in substantially the same way, while (3) Weil said that from reading the papers he had formed an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, which would require evidence to remove. The challenge was upon the ground of actual bias existing in the minds of those proposed jurors, but each also testified in substance that he could nevertheless go into the jury box and render an impartial verdict upon the evidence submitted from the witness stand, without being influenced by the opinion or impression derived or formed from what he had read. There remained, therefore, no sufficient ground of challenge, or reason why the trial court could not, in the exercise of a sound discretion, determine that these several persons could try the issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the party challenging. They were, therefore, competent within the letter of the Code of Criminal Procedure relating to such questions, and the defendant's objections were properly overruled. (People v. Otto, 101 N.Y. 690; People v. Crowley, 102 id. 234; People v. Carpenter, id. 238.)
There are many exceptions to evidence: The first noticed by the appellant relates to the admission in evidence of a piece of *Page 498 brick and mortar produced by the witness D'Oench. He was inspector of buildings for the fire department, and testified as to the condition of the fallen wall, its want of solidity, the materials of which it had been constructed, and among other things produced in evidence specimens of the mortar taken from the buildings, some of it from between two bricks, part of the fallen walls. The case of the people turned in part upon the inferior quality of the materials, and any thing to show how they in fact differed in their characteristics from good, sufficient and suitable substances in general and approved use for like purposes, was competent. That the mortar in fact used by the defendant in the construction of the walls was of "a poor and inferior quality, and chiefly composed of loam," was a distinct and important allegation. That it is the admixture of clear grit, sharp sand with lime, which gives it the character of cement, was proven. That the last is binding, while the other is not; that bricks laid with mortar of lime and sand will resist the influence of the rain, while a composition of lime and loam will be washed out, was established, so far as it could be, by opinion and the result of observation and experience. The testimony came from one qualified to speak upon that subject; but the conditions illustrated by the various specimens of mortar and mortar and bricks taken from the ruins, and the specimen from another building, were some evidence of the truth of his assertion, and they could properly be received, not only as confirming his opinion, but to enable the jurors the better to understand and appreciate the difference in effect between the mortar used by the defendant and that properly prepared. That one was strong and solid, the brick firmly imbedded in the mortar, and the other disjointed and with no coherence, was some evidence that the differences pointed out were substantial. The evidence as to the quality and component parts of the mortar used by the defendant was indispensable as part of the accusation, and the evidence as to the proper ingredients of mortar used by others and in other buildings, and its quality and effect, was not less competent as tending to show the cause of the falling of the walls. The defendant's *Page 499 mortar the expert pronounced bad; the other, good. The object in using the mortar was the same in both cases; the specimens tended to prove the truth of his assertion. Indeed, the argument of the appellant rather goes to the weight of the evidence than its admissibility. The learned counsel states that if the witnesses had explained and pointed out the difference between the two specimens, the reason why one was good and the other bad, "the specimens might have been shown to the jury as illustrating the testimony of the witnesses." If there was any lack of such testimony — and it seems to us there was not — it would only show that further use might have been made of the pieces of brick and mortar, but would in nowise support the general objection that their exhibition to the jury was "incompetent or inadmissible for any purpose." The cases cited by the appellant upon this branch of the case have been examined, but we find none in point.
During the cross-examination of this witness (D'Oench), at the request of defendant's counsel he stated that he superintended the general work of the office of inspectors of buildings; that official examiners were his subordinates, and it was their duty to make reports, among other things, of the condition of buildings, the violation of building laws, and unsafe buildings; and also if improper materials were used in construction, to notify him; that they did report the buildings in question as unsafe. He was then asked by defendant's counsel: "What are those reports you have in your hands?" and answered: "Unsafe reports in reference to those buildings." They bore date January, 1885, and were read in evidence as defendant's Exhibit No. 1. Five other reports relating to buildings adjoining that mentioned in Exhibit No. 1 were, upon like request, received in evidence, and marked defendant's Exhibits Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, showing the buildings at the time of the reports to be unsafe. Upon re-direct examination the district attorney offered in evidence certain other reports made subsequently, and in successive weeks up to the thirteenth of April, concerning the same buildings and their safety. The defendant's counsel said: "Before they are put in evidence I have a right to examine *Page 500 this witness upon them;" and doing so, he showed that the reports exhibited the condition of the buildings on the day the reports were made, whether they had remained unsafe or had been changed, and calling attention to one, he said: "What do the words `nothing done' on that report mean?" and received for answer: "That nothing has been done; that the order of the department has not been complied with." He also showed that there was no record of any unsafety save that reported in January. The general contents of these reports, and a condition of the buildings substantially as therein stated, was also disclosed by parol evidence coming either upon examination by defendant's counsel, or upon examination by the district attorney in answer or explanation of that so obtained. It is manifest, therefore, that their admission could in no respect tend to the defendant's prejudice; and while it is important in all cases that evidence should be free from exception, a new trial ought not to be granted even where one is well taken, unless the jury could draw from evidence admitted under it some unfavorable inference (Code of Crim. Pro., § 542), nor when the party excepting has, by his own course of examination, destroyed the force of his objection. Both rules apply here.
The next exception brought to our attention is the use in evidence of a photograph of the premises. It was taken during the trial, but it appeared that the part represented was in the same condition as when first seen by the witness on the twenty-fifth of April, or soon after the structure fell. No objection was made that the person taking the picture was not competent or skilled in his art, nor that the then condition of the ruins was unimportant as throwing light upon the manner of the construction of the buildings. It exhibited the surface condition and state of the wall and, no doubt, carried to the minds of the jurors a better image of the subject-matter, concerning which negligence was charged, than any oral description by eye witnesses could have done. Its accuracy as a faithful representation of the actual scene was proven, and in such a case it must be deemed established that photographic scenes are admissible in evidence as *Page 501 appropriate aids to a jury in applying the evidence, whether it relates to persons, things or places. (Cozzens v. Higgins, 1 Abb. Ct. of App. Dec. 451; Cowley v. People, 83 N.Y. 464;Durst v. Masters, L.R., 1 Pro. Div. 373, 378.) No doubt the court, in its discretion, might have allowed the jury to visit and view the premises, as it was asked to do by the prisoner's counsel, but it was not bound to do so. (Code of Crim. Pro., § 411.)
There are many other propositions submitted by the appellant in relation to rulings upon evidence. They are less important than the foregoing. They seem, indeed, in view of the general course of the trial and the conclusive character of the testimony unobjected to, and which justified the conviction, to have no merit, even if the exceptions upon which they are submitted were technically well taken. We do not think they were, nor do they seem to involve any question which requires discussion.
The next point brings before us several allegations of error in the instructions under which the evidence was given to the jury. The record does not show that any exception to the charge was, in fact, taken, and there is, therefore, no question for us to review. We find in the printed brief of the appellant a statement that a stipulation was made by counsel to the effect "that a general exception should give the defendant the benefit of a particular exception to any part of the charge." This will not avail. (Briggs v. Waldron, 83 N.Y. 582.) An exception is not alone for the benefit of the litigant; but it is required for the sake of justice and fair dealing, and in order, among other things, that the attention of the trial judge being called to the supposed error, he may, if he thinks proper, correct it before the jury are called upon to consider their verdict. There were, however, numerous requests to charge; some were refused, and the exceptions to the refusal are now said to have been "well taken." No argument is presented in support of that assertion, and our own examination discloses no error. The learned recorder so conducted the trial as to give the defendant the benefit of every doubt, his instructions *Page 502 to the jury were confined to the testimony and their attention directed to the very right of the case as it might appear to them upon the evidence. His rulings have been approved by the General Term after a most deliberate and minute examination of the law and the facts, and that the case has been in both courts well and properly decided, we find no reason to doubt.
It necessarily follows that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.