Two refusals of the trial court to charge the jury in this case have raised such substantial points of law that they require careful consideration irrespective of what we may think of the defendant's guilt.
The defendant was convicted of the crime of seduction in the County Court of Kings county and sentenced to *Page 491 the penitentiary. The judgment has been unanimously affirmed by the Appellate Division. The prosecutrix, named Helen Levine, was a trained nurse, twenty-three years of age, residing with her sister and brother-in-law at 663 Howard avenue in the borough of Brooklyn, city of New York — a four-room apartment. The defendant, thirty-four years of age, was in the newspaper business, residing in the same borough. That the parties had become engaged to be married was established beyond doubt. Both families were acquainted with their intentions. Presents had been given and the trousseau partially prepared. For some reason the man refused to marry the woman and she repaired to the Police Court and swore out a warrant, charging him with having seduced her. She testified that on the night of June 7th, 1917, in the bedroom of her apartment the defendant under the promise of this marriage persuaded her to have illicit relations with him, and that the act was repeated on occasions thereafter. She did not become pregnant and the first knowledge that others had of the improper relationship was the public statement of the woman.
The corroboration of her story was attempted in three different ways: First, by the defendant's supposed acknowledgment of the deed in a casual conversation while at the table with the family.Second, by his alleged failure to specifically deny having had intercourse with her when asked by his friends to marry the girl whom they said he had ruined. And third, by the testimony of a doctor who says that Helen Levine called at his house for a vaginal examination with some man whom he could not identify.
The woman testified that she in company with the defendant called upon Dr. Frederick W. Huber at his office, 113 East Broadway, New York city, to make inquiries regarding certain pains which she felt internally — not from fear of pregnancy — and that the defendant *Page 492 said she was his wife. The doctor testified that the man who called represented himself to be the husband of the woman.
The pertinent questions to this witness and the answers are these:
"Q. Do you remember that Miss Levine visited your office in company with a man?
"A. I do.
"Q. Are you able to identify the man that she came with on that occasion?
"A. No, sir.
"Q. Will you look at the defendant and state whether or not he is the man.
"A. I could not state that."
The defendant was in no way identified as the man who called with the prosecutrix except by her word. Yet Dr. Huber's testimony was submitted to the jury as evidence corroborating her account of the defendant's intercourse with her.
At the close of the charge this request was made by the defendant's counsel:
"I request your Honor to charge that they cannot consider the testimony of Dr. Huber or any part of it as being corroborative evidence in this case.
"The Court: Refused."
The question presented by this ruling is, therefore, as follows:
The woman testifies that under a promise of marriage a man seduced her and details the circumstances. She also states that the accused accompanied her to a doctor's office where he admitted his guilt. Her evidence alone is insufficient; this is readily acknowledged. She cannot create corroboration by multiplying incidents and events. The doctor is called who states that the woman called with some man, but he fails to identify the defendant and in fact does not identify him. *Page 493
How possibly does this corroborate the woman's statement that the man she brought there was the defendant? Does this testimony of the doctor identify the defendant or tend to connect him with the offense? The only word we have that the defendant was present in the doctor's office is the word of the woman. His connection with the case is dependent entirely upon her story. This is not slight evidence of corroboration; it is no evidence whatever.
Section 2177 provides that no conviction can be had for seduction under promise of marriage upon the testimony of the female seduced unsupported by other evidence. The other evidence must tend to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime, as stated in section 399 of the Code of Criminal Procedure regarding the testimony of accomplices. (People v. Plath,100 N.Y. 590.) In People v. O'Farrell (175 N.Y. 323, 325) it was said of corroborating evidence:
"What appears to be required is, that there should be some fact deposed to, independently altogether of the evidence of the accomplice, which, taken by itself, leads to the inference not only that a crime has been committed, but that the prisoner is implicated in it."
It was also said that corroboration must be of a character which tends to prove the defendant's guilt by connecting him with the crime, and that if there be no such evidence tending to connect the defendant, a question of law is presented reviewable by this court.
In crimes of this nature the woman must be corroborated in two particulars: First, as to the marriage; second, as to the seduction. The corroborating evidence upon this latter point must be such as tends to connect the defendant with the sexual act. (People v. Page, 162 N.Y. 272; People v. Hooghkerk,96 N.Y. 149-162.) In People v. Cole (134 App. Div. 759) it was said of a doctor's testimony regarding the pregnancy of the *Page 494 woman that it simply proved that she had had sexual intercourse with some man, but was not corroborative of the plaintiff's testimony against the defendant. The court in People v.Flaherty (27 App. Div. 535-546), a trial for rape, charged the jury "the fact that the child was born is no evidence corroborating the claim of the people that this defendant is the guilty man." This was held to be correct. This case was reversed in 162 New York, 532, but this point was not mentioned. The rule in Massachusetts as stated in Commonwealth v. Holmes (127 Mass. 424) is not quite in accord with our own, although it is intimated that in charging juries the practice is the same.
The measure of corroboration required in the so-called sexual crimes (Penal Law, sections 2013, 2177, 2460, subdivision 9) is more than that demanded by section 395 of the Code of Criminal Procedure respecting confessions. The confession of a defendant is not sufficient to warrant his conviction without additional proof that the crime charged has been committed. The independent proof need only establish the corpus delicti; it need not connect or tend to connect the defendant with it. (People v.Deacons, 109 N.Y. 374, 378; People v. Roach, 215 N.Y. 592,600.)
That the prosecutrix had with her some man as her husband was no evidence of corroboration against this defendant, unidentified.
As the other evidence of corroboration in this case was somewhat slim at the best, it cannot be said that this error in the refusal to charge was harmless.
Neither can it be said that the request only applied to corroboration of the prosecutrix generally and not to the element of seduction. The request was preceded by the following, which was charged by the court:
"I request your Honor to charge the jury that the law is that before they can convict they must find such *Page 495 corroborating evidence in this case, both as to the fact that there was sexual intercourse and that there was a promise of marriage which was used to accomplish the sexual intercourse."
After this follows the request above quoted and about which I am writing. It is clear to see, therefore, that the corroboration referred to was the corroboration of the testimony required by the Penal Law.
Just what is meant by general corroboration as distinguished from that required by section 2177 I do not quite comprehend. The posing of some man as the lady's husband without identifying him in any way is neither corroboration of the promise to marry or of intercourse as against the defendant. What does it corroborate? If the doctor had said she were pregnant, his testimony might help to establish that she had been with some man, so too, if he had said that she were no longer a virgin. But there is no such evidence in this case. The doctor fails to give the result of his physical examination, merely repeating Miss Levine's conversation with him, and his advice to them in these words:
"I told him what was to be done, or I said if she was willing to suffer pain a little longer, it probably may pass off." In fact it is apparent that the evidence of the doctor was only sought for the purpose of proving an acknowledgment by Miss Levine's companion that he was her husband.
Such attempted corroboration comes fairly within this sentence from the Page case: "A witness cannot generally be corroborated by proving declarations made out of court of the same facts testified to in court." (p. 275.)
One other request was made which we also think should have been charged. It appeared from the testimony of one Mildred Slote that she was at the dining-room table having a meal with Miss Levine and Mr. and Mrs. *Page 496 Levine and the baby when the defendant who was present stated in reply to a question as to the time of his marriage with Miss Levine that
"Physically, spiritually, bodily and morally they were married, ritually they would be married very soon."
No attention apparently was given to this remark by any one present; the conversation went on just the same without comment. It was said upon the trial that this was a confession by the defendant of his guilt and an acknowledgment of sexual intercourse with Miss Levine. The court was asked to charge as follows:
"I ask your Honor to charge that if they find that the words `spiritually, physically and morally married' were employed, still, if they find that they were used at a time and under such such circumstances as to indicate that they were not intended by the defendant as an assertion that he had had sexual intercourse with the prosecutrix, that they cannot then consider such testimony as being corroborating evidence of the act of sexual intercourse.
"The Court: Refused."
If the statement made by the defendant were meaningless or stated as a joke, or under such circumstances as to indicate to any one that it was not a confession of guilt, certainly the jury would not be justified in considering it as corroboration or as an admission of a fact. To refuse this request in our opinion was error. People will indulge occasionally in silly talk and joke by exaggeration. Such remarks could not be taken as admissions of actual occurrences if so stated that nobody would or did believe them. The request, we see, assumes them to be so spoken. The next request, which was charged, did not cure this error; as the jury were simply told that they might determine for themselves what the words meant. If they should determine, however, that they meant nothing — mere idle talk — yet, the court said they could use them *Page 497 as corroborating evidence required by the law. This is what the two requests amount to read together.
We need not discuss the other exceptions. Sufficient has been stated to lead us to the conclusion that a new trial should be granted. All that Miss Levine says may be true — the defendant did not take the stand and her story is not improbable or suspicious. Yet the law for years has required that the most likely story of the woman in these cases must be corroborated, and we are not justified in weakening this wise provision in order to reach a man whom all may think to be in the wrong.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted.