[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 545
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 546 The learned justice at Special Term ruled on the authority ofPegram v. N.Y. Elevated R.R. Co. (147 N.Y. 135) and WesternUnion Telegraph Co. v. Shepard (169 N.Y. 170) that the plaintiff could not maintain the action, even though the defendant Davis was chargeable with notice of the reservation in the deed to her grantor. The Appellate Division went further and held on the authority of Maurer v. Friedman (197 N.Y. 248) and Miller v. Clary (210 N.Y. 127) that said defendant was not bound by said reservation. After determining precisely what the rights of the parties are, we shall be better able to decide whether they may be enforced in this suit.
The reservation was in terms of the easement "now occupied and invaded" by the elevated railroad as well as of all damages present and future caused by the construction and future continuance of the elevated structure and the past and future operation of the railroad. Whilst an easement cannot exist apart from the land to which it is appurtenant and, therefore, could not technically, as such, be reserved from the grant (Pegram v.N.Y. Elevated R.R. Co., supra; Shepard v. Manhattan RailwayCo., 169 N.Y. 160; McKenna v. Brooklyn Union El. R.R. Co.,184 N.Y. 391), the language employed shows plainly that the parties intended that the grantor should reserve the right to all damages caused and to be caused by the construction and operation of the *Page 549 elevated railroad, as it then existed, both rental damages for the trespass and fee damages for the permanent occupation, in lieu of an injunction. The Story Case (90 N.Y. 122) was decided in 1882. In that case a reasonable time was allowed the defendant to acquire the easement by condemnation or agreement. It had been decided in Henderson v. N.Y.C.R.R. Co. (78 N.Y. 423, 430) that a court of equity had jurisdiction to grant full damages for a permanent occupation, or in the alternative, an injunction. In that case the court said that on performing the condition the defendant would become "purchaser of the land with rights not inferior to those obtained by appraisement and payment of damages under the statute." In Lahr v. Metropolitan El. R. Co. (104 N.Y. 268) full damages were allowed in an action at law, the parties having agreed upon the rule of damages, and later it became the settled practice in the elevated railroad suits to award in equity rental damages for the trespass and fee damages in lieu of an injunction for the permanent occupation. (New YorkNational Exchange Bank v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 108 N.Y. 660;Pond v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 112 N.Y. 186; Galway v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 128 N.Y. 132.)
The parties plainly contemplated, as this court has said, that the existing invasion of the easements of light, air and access was permanent (See Kernochan v. N.Y.E.R.R. Co., 128 N.Y. 559, at page 565; Hindley v. Manhattan Ry. Co., 185 N.Y. 335, at page 355), and the grantor reserved the right to all damages resulting from such invasion. The trial court found: "It was the mutual intention of plaintiff's testator and said Zimmerman that the reservation contained in said deed from the former to the latter should apply to and effect only such amount or extent of future damages as might be sustained and suffered with the building upon said lot substantially as it then was." We do not so construe the agreement. Of course, the parties did not contemplate a *Page 550 greater invasion of the easements than then existed. But they did contemplate that the existing invasion was permanent, amounting to an appropriation pro tanto of the easements, precisely as though they had been condemned, and the grantor reserved all damages resulting from that appropriation, both temporary for the trespass and permanent for the taking. Presumably the consideration was reduced to the extent of the damages thus reserved. Whilst the grantor could not maintain a suit to enjoin the trespass after he had parted with the land (Pegram v. N YElevated R.R. Co., supra), as between himself and the grantee, he became equitably entitled to all damages which might be recovered in such a suit, awarded in condemnation or voluntarily paid by the railroad company, and upon the receipt or recovery thereof his grantee, or a subsequent grantee with notice, became a trustee for him. (Western Union Tel. Co. v. Shepard,supra.)
Was the defendant Davis chargeable with notice of the reservation in the deed to her grantor? The cases relied upon by the learned Appellate Division did not decide the point. The decision in Maurer v. Friedman (supra) was distinctly put upon the construction given to the following words of the agreement, itself, viz., "but this agreement shall not be construed in any manner as a lien or incumbrance or binding or affecting said described premises." (p. 251.) Miller v. Clary (supra) involved the question whether a covenant of a grantor, entirely dissimilar to the agreement involved in this case, was personal or ran with the land.
The occupation of the street by the elevated railroad amounted to a practical, though wrongful, severance of the easements from the abutting property. (Kernochan v. N.Y.E.R.R. Co., supra, at page 565.) The reservation of damages for that wrongful severance amounted in practical effect to the extinguishment of the easements to the extent of the invasion as far as any beneficial *Page 551 interest therein of the abutting owner was concerned. In theory the easements passed to the grantee, but only to enable him to compel the wrongdoer to pay for them and because they could not exist apart from the land to which they were appurtenant. The whole difficulty in this case is theoretical and results from the fact that we are dealing with an incorporeal right. If the railroad had been built on the land itself and the part built on or damages to be awarded in condemnation proceedings then pending or in contemplation had been reserved from a grant it would be plain that subsequent grantees would be chargeable with notice of the reservation. Here the thing itself could not be reserved because from its nature it could not exist independently of the land. But its equivalent or substitute, the damages caused and to be caused by the appropriation of it by a third party, was reserved. In contemplation of the parties the easements invaded were severed or extinguished and the grantee was not to have the beneficial use or enjoyment of them. As between the grantee and the railroad company, the former acquired the legal title to all easements and alone could sue for their invasion; but, as between grantee and grantor, the former had only the naked legal title, the latter the entire beneficial interest. An implied obligation was thereby imposed on the grantee as the holder of the legal title to do what was necessary to enable the grantor to obtain for his beneficial interest the damages which the parties plainly contemplated he was to have. The agreement, therefore, bore such a relation to the subject of the grant, so limited the extent of the grant, and so affected the beneficial use and enjoyment of the thing granted as to be binding upon subsequent grantees. That such an agreement affects the "title to, or the possession, use, or enjoyment of" the real property conveyed was explicitly decided in Schomacker v. Michaels (189 N.Y. 61). As between grantor and grantee, the thing itself was reserved. Because of a *Page 552 theoretical, technical difficulty, that could not be done at law, and so the naked legal title passed to the grantee, with the implied obligation to use it for the benefit of the grantor. The case in practical effect between grantor and grantee is, therefore, precisely the same as though part of the land itself, or an easement in the land, had been reserved. It was within the intention of the parties that the reservation directly affected the value and extent of the estate granted, and thus it was not merely a collateral personal agreement. Subsequent grantees were, therefore, bound to take notice of it. (Norman v. Wells, 17 Wend. 136; Nye v. Hoyle, 120 N.Y. 195; Mott v.Oppenheimer, 135 N.Y. 312; Munro v. Syracuse, L.S. N.R.R.Co., 200 N.Y. 224.)
The defendant railway company does not question the rights of the plaintiff to maintain the action. Instead, though not actually paying the money into court, it avows its willingness to pay the sum fixed by the agreement of the parties as damages to whomsoever the court awards it. It is certainly not open to the defendant Davis to raise objections which will merely remit the plaintiff to another suit to compel her, as trustee, to account for the money. The parties are all before the court, the railroad company is willing to pay, and the court should finally adjudge upon the matters in controversy without subjecting the parties to the useless expense and trouble of another suit.
The situation is practically the same as in Western UnionTelegraph Company v. Shepard (supra). There, it is true, the defendant had a judgment determining the obligation of the railroad company. Here it has been fixed by agreement. There the railroad company disputed its liability, here it admits liability and offers to pay, merely asking to be protected by a release from the holder of the legal title or by a judgment determining the rights of the parties. In that case the court said (p. 183): "In order to prevent a failure of justice, the court, which shapes its judgments in the most efficient forms, *Page 553 may direct the payment by the defendants, the railroad companies, to the plaintiff of the amount of the judgment already recovered by the defendant Shepard against them." So in this case the court may direct the payment of the amount agreed upon to the party entitled to it. The Pegram Case (supra) is far from an authority in support of the judgment below. In that case the railroad company objected, and the court held that it was at least entitled to have the holder of the legal title in the action, so that it might be protected by the judgment. In that connection Judge GRAY, speaking for the court, said (p. 147): "If the plaintiffs had brought in Shortemeier as a party defendant in the action, the court would have been in a position to adjust the equities and rights of all the parties and to render a complete decree, which would have been binding upon each." So in the absence of fraud the railroad company may settle with the holder of the legal title, who thereupon becomes a trustee. (McKenna v. Brooklyn Union El. R.R. Co., supra.)
This court has not as yet decided that a grantor, who has made a reservation like that involved in this case, is utterly remediless unless his grantee sees fit to enforce the obligation of the railroad company, and the latter either voluntarily or by compulsion pays to the holder of the legal title the damages reserved. It is only necessary in this case to hold that it is not open to the defendant Davis to take objections, available, if at all, only to the railroad company.
There need be no difficulty in apportioning the recovery. The defendant is willing to pay $7,250 as the damages, including costs and counsel fees, caused prior to the changes in the elevated structure necessitated by the construction of the Manhattan bridge. The only other changes that have occurred since the reservation in question were those incident to the change from steam to electrical power, and the evidence, which is undisputed, tends to show that on the whole there has been less invasion of *Page 554 the easements of light, air and access since those changes were made. The increase in the structure due to the installation of the third rail is obviously trivial, and the increase in the length and frequency of the trains is not an increase of user. (Bremer v. Manhattan Ry. Co., 191 N.Y. 333.) We perceive no necessity for a new trial. The plaintiff and the defendant Davis have each made an agreement with the railway companies fixing the damages for the invasions of the easements which we hold that each is entitled to recover for. Under those agreements the plaintiff is entitled to $7,250, and the defendant Davis is entitled to $1,375. Upon payment of those sums to the respective parties the defendant railroad company is entitled to receive, and the defendant Davis should be required to execute and deliver, the usual conveyance and release.
The judgments should be reversed and final judgment directed in accordance with this opinion, with costs against the respondent Davis in all the courts.
WILLARD BARTLETT, Ch. J., CHASE, COLLIN, HOGAN, CARDOZO and SEABURY, JJ., concur.
Judgment accordingly.