The 264th section of the Code of Procedure provides, that "The judge who tries a cause may, in his discretion, entertain a motion to be made on his minutes to set aside a verdict and grant a new trial upon exceptions or for insufficient evidence, or for excessive damages."
I am not willing to concede, that, if no such provision were found in our Code, there is any want of power in the judge presiding at the trial of a cause, to set aside a verdict rendered by a jury, when it is palpably against law, or wholly and clearly unwarranted by the evidence, or where it is rendered in the face of explicit instructions to the contrary. According to the argument urged here, if the judge had on this trial instructed the jury in express terms to find for the defendant, as he might properly have done, and the jury had nevertheless, through prejudice, partiality or mistake, violated the instructions and found for the plaintiff, the judge could not have set the verdict aside, but was bound to put the defendant to the delay and expense of making a formal case and bringing it to a hearing at a subsequent term.
Nor do I think that the provision of the Code above cited by any implication limits or abridges the power which would exist had it not been enacted. It is, however, sufficient to say, that the reasonable interpretation of the section cited warrants the motion which was here made.
The argument on behalf of the appellant, ingeniously presented and skillfully urged by his counsel, is, that, whenever *Page 315 a plaintiff has made a prima facie case, so as to put the defendant upon his defense, a verdict for the plaintiff cannot be said to be upon "insufficient evidence," however fully or conclusively the defense relied upon may be established, or however the plaintiff fails to disprove or avoid the legal effect of such defense. That in such case the verdict may be against evidence, but cannot be deemed to be rendered upon "insufficient evidence," and, therefore, however clear it may be, that, on a case made and brought to a hearing, the verdict must be set aside, the judge at the trial term has no jurisdiction to entertain a motion upon his minutes and set the verdict aside "for insufficient evidence." In the present case it was admitted that the only defense was infancy. There was no issue upon the making of the note in question, or the fact of the transfer thereof to the plaintiff. The answer of the defendant admitted both. True, the note was read in evidence by the plaintiff, but neither its making nor indorsement to the plaintiff was in issue.
The issue was upon the defense of infancy, and that defense was fully and completely established by two witnesses, and yet, without any evidence either to contradict or avoid the defense, the plaintiff had a verdict.
That is to say, upon the trial of an issue, as to which the plaintiff had no evidence which could warrant the jury in disregarding the defense which the defendant had pleaded and proved, and the truth of which alone they were to try, they arbitrarily found for the plaintiff. It is clear I think that the verdict in this case had no sufficient evidence to support it, and, therefore, within the most precise, literal and technical meaning of the Code, could properly be set aside "for insufficient evidence." It was not a case in which the plaintiff had thrown some doubt, however slight, upon the truth of the defense, nor one in which he had given some slight evidence in avoidance of its legal effect, so that the motion to set aside could be regarded as founded on the alleged preponderance of the defendant's proof, but the bold case of a trial of a single issue, in which the plaintiff had a verdict without any testimony in conflict with an established defense. *Page 316
In this view, it is not material, that, if the defendant had offered no testimony, the plaintiff would have been entitled to an assessment and a verdict; the verdict which he had upon the issue actually tried was without evidence on his behalf to support it.
Nor, in my judgment, is the right of the judge to entertain such a motion upon his minutes rendered less clear by calling this verdict a verdict against evidence; true, it is a verdict in the face of clear and uncontradicted proof, establishing the issue in the defendant's favor, but is, nevertheless, a verdict without sufficient evidence to support it.
The term "insufficient evidence," as used in the Code, should be construed with reference to the actual issue upon which the jury were to pass, and not less with reference to the whole state of the case made by the adverse party. Suppose the sole issue in a given case was upon the plea of release. The defendant, having the affirmative of that issue, produces and proves a release under the hand and seal of the plaintiff, and the latter gives no evidence in avoidance of the release sufficient to warrant the submission of any question to the jury, and yet, the jury find for the plaintiff. It is true that such a verdict would be against the defendant's conclusive evidence, but it is equally true that such a verdict is without any sufficient evidence.
The power in question is to be cautiously exercised, and it is left to the sound discretion of the judge, whether he will act upon his own minutes, and the views entertained while the proceedings on the trial are fully in his mind, and fresh in the mind of counsel, or whether there is so much of doubt, that the case should stand over for more deliberate and careful scrutiny upon a case which shall bring all the evidence again before him; but the power is a useful one, to be exercised in a clear case, and a large saving of expense and delay to both plaintiff and defendant.
The order appealed from should be affirmed, and, in accordance with the stipulations upon which the plaintiff has brought his appeal to this court, judgment absolute for the defendant should be rendered.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 317