[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 109 This action is brought by the owners of the Murray Hill Hotel, which abutted on Park avenue, borough of Manhattan, city of New York, to recover damages to such hotel caused by the explosion of a dynamite magazine located on said avenue during the *Page 110 construction of the rapid transit subway. The construction of the subway at this point was being carried on by one Shaler, a sub-contractor. The excavation was being made through rock which had to be removed by blasting. For this purpose dynamite was employed — the central part of the carriageway of the avenue being fenced against use by the public, and a small wooden building was placed there in which the dynamite for use was kept. Of the details of the explosion, it is enough to say that in our opinion the evidence was sufficient to authorize the jury to find that an excessive amount of dynamite was stored in the magazine and that proper precautions had not been taken for guarding it against the danger of explosion. The action, however, is not brought against the sub-contractor, but against the city of New York, McDonald, who contracted with the city for the construction and subsequent operation of the subway, and the Rapid Transit Subway Construction Company, which rendered financial aid to McDonald in the execution of his contract. The question presented on this appeal is whether any of these defendants is liable for the negligence of the sub-contractor.
On February 21, 1900, under the provisions of the Rapid Transit Act (L. 1892, ch. 556; L. 1896, ch. 729; L. 1900, ch. 16; L. 1901, ch. 4; L. 1904, ch. 752), the rapid transit commissioners were authorized to enter into a contract on behalf of the city for the construction and equipment of a railroad upon the route and in accordance with the general plans adopted by the commissioners. Subdivision 5, section 24 of the Rapid Transit Act authorized the contractor to enter upon and underneath the several streets of the city for the prosecution of the work and the use of such streets was declared to be a public use. In September, 1900, Shaler entered into a sub-contract with McDonald to do the work along the line of which the explosion occurred.
We think it clear that under previous decisions of this *Page 111 court the city was not liable for the negligence of the contractor to whom the work had been let. (Froelich v. City ofNew York, 199 N.Y. 466; Uppington v. City of New York,165 N.Y. 222.) Nor do we think the city can be held liable on the ground that it suffered a nuisance to be maintained in the street, the street having been withdrawn from its possession and control. It was not liable for the default of the fire department or of the bureau of combustibles. (Maxmilian v. Mayor, etc.,of N.Y., 62 N.Y. 160; Ham v. Mayor, etc., of N.Y., 70 N.Y. 459;Smith v. City of Rochester, 76 N.Y. 506, 513; Terhune v. Mayor, etc., of N.Y., 88 N.Y. 247.) Nor was there evidence to show that the city authorities were aware that any excessive quantity of dynamite was being stored. The complaint was, therefore, properly dismissed as against the city, and it may be that the same doctrine that gives immunity to the city would also give immunity to the defendant McDonald, the principal contractor, for the negligence of his independent sub-contractor. Whether this is so, it is unnecessary to determine, as we are of opinion that McDonald was liable in this case by the express terms of his contract with the rapid transit commissioners. The contract contained the following provisions:
"Traffic to be Maintained. Indemnification for accidents. — The contractor shall during the performance of the work safely maintain the traffic on all the streets, avenues, highways, parks and other public places in connection with the work, and take all necessary precautions to place proper guards for the prevention of accidents, and put up and keep at night suitable and sufficient lights and indemnify and save harmless the city against and from all damages and costs to which it may be put by reason of injury to the person or property of another or others, resulting from negligence or carelessness in the performance of the work or from guarding the same, or from any improper materials used in its construction, or by or on *Page 112 account of any act or omission of the contractor or the agents thereof.
"Contractor's Liability for Damage to abutting property. — Thecontractor shall be responsible for all damage which may be doneto abutting property or buildings or structures thereon by themethod in which the construction hereunder shall be done, but notincluding in such damage any damage necessarily arising fromproper construction pursuant to this contract or the reasonableuse, occupation or obstruction of the streets thereby."
An analysis of this portion of the contract shows that it contained three independent and different covenants or agreements on the part of the contractor. The first is one to safely maintain traffic on the public streets and to take necessary precautions and erect proper guards for the prevention of accidents; the second, to indemnify the city against any or all damage to which it might be put by reason of negligence in the performance of the work; the third, to be responsible for damages to abutting property, buildings or structures arising from other than the proper construction of the work and the reasonable use and occupation of the streets. (As we construe this last clause — a construction supported by the marginal notes — it was not an agreement of indemnity to the city, for that was sufficiently covered by the preceding provisions, but an agreement to be responsible to abutting owners for damages arising from improper construction or unreasonable use and occupation of the streets.) Therefore, the question before us is further narrowed to this: Can an abutting owner maintain an action under this provision of the contract to which contract he is not a party? To sustain a negative answer the respondent relies upon the decision of this court in French v. Vix (143 N.Y. 90). In that case the owner of a lot of land entered into a contract with the defendants for the construction of a house, under which the latter agreed to become answerable *Page 113 "and accountable for any damages that may be done to the property or person of any neighbor" during the performance of the work. The defendants made a sub-contract for the excavation, the sub-contractor agreeing to assume all responsibility for damage to persons or property. The plaintiff owned an adjoining house which was injured by the blasting carried on by the sub-contractor. She sought to maintain the action on the provision of the defendant's contract with the owner of the adjacent land. She was defeated in this court on two grounds: 1. That the contract was simply one of indemnity and was not intended for the plaintiff's benefit. That ground has no application to the present case under the construction we have given to the defendant's contract. 2. That even if the contract was intended for her benefit she could not recover because she was not a party to it, nor in privity with the parties, and as to her it was without consideration. The second ground is but a reiteration of the general rule of law that a stranger to a contract cannot maintain an action upon it, and if the defendant's contract were with private persons that rule of law would be applicable. But even between private parties the rule is not universal, and a third party may maintain an action on a contract against the promisor where the contract is made for his benefit and some obligation or duty to the third party rests on the promisee. Thus, where the promisee is indebted to a stranger to the contract, a promise made on sufficient consideration may be enforced by the latter. (Lawrence v. Fox, 20 N.Y. 268;Burr v. Beers, 24 N.Y. 178.) In Todd v. Weber (95 N.Y. 181) it was held that the relation of parent and child was sufficient consideration for a contract made by the parent with others for the support of the child, and that the latter might enforce it by action. In Buchanan v. Tilden (158 N.Y. 109) the same doctrine was held in regard to a contract made by a husband for the benefit of his wife. A *Page 114 still broader doctrine is held in the case of what may be termed public contracts. In Little v. Banks (85 N.Y. 258) it was said: "Contractors with the State, who assume, for a consideration received from the sovereign power, by covenant, express or implied, to do certain things, are liable, in case of neglect to perform such covenant, to a private action at the suit of the party injured by such neglect, and such contract inures to the benefit of the individual who is interested in its performance." (p. 263.) In that case the defendant had a contract with the state officers to sell and deliver to the public volumes of the law reports, which he was about to publish, at certain specified prices, and upon failure to comply with that agreement he agreed to pay to any persons aggrieved the sum of $100. It was held that the plaintiff, a person to whom the defendant had refused to deliver such reports, might maintain his action to recover the stipulated damages. In Robinson v. Chamberlain (34 N.Y. 389) a contractor for keeping the state canal in repair was held liable for injuries sustained by the canal boat of a private individual by the failure of the defendant to perform his contract. In Cook v. Dean (11 App. Div. 123; affd. on opinion below, 160 N.Y. 660) a contractor who entered into a contract with the supervisors of two counties for the construction of a bridge over a creek dividing the two counties, and also for the construction and maintenance of a temporary bridge during the progress of the main work, was held liable for defects in the temporary structure through which the plaintiff was injured, though neither of the counties would have been liable for such neglect. (Markey v. County of Queens, 154 N.Y. 675, 684.) The most recent case in this court is that of Pond v. New RochelleWater Co. (183 N.Y. 330). There the predecessor of the defendant had made a contract with the village of Pelham Manor for supplying not only the village itself, but also all its inhabitants with a supply of water at certain *Page 115 specified rates. The plaintiff, who was a resident and householder of said village, brought the action to restrain the defendant from exacting from him a higher water rate than that specified in the agreement with the village. The objection that the plaintiff was a stranger to the contract was overruled. Judge EDWARD T. BARTLETT, writing for the court, said: "In the case before us we have a municipality entering into a contract for the benefit of its inhabitants, the object being to supply them with pure and wholesome water at reasonable rates. While there is not presented a domestic relation like that of father and child or husband and wife, yet it cannot be said that this contract was made for the benefit of a stranger. In the case before us the municipality sought to protect its inhabitants, who were at the time of the execution of the contract consumers of water, and those who might thereafter become so, from extortion by a corporation having granted to it a valuable franchise extending over a long period of time." (See, also, Rochester TelephoneCo. v. Ross, 195 N.Y. 429.)
In principle the case cited and the one before us seem to be almost identical. There, as here, the first object of the contract was for the supply of a corporate, as distinguished from a governmental want; there it was supplying water for the hydrants, street and fire purposes; here the construction of a railroad. In the first case it was held that the village in its governmental character had sufficient interest in the welfare of its citizens and inhabitants to secure to each of them a supply of water at reasonable rates. In the case before us it was well known and generally appreciated that for at least some very substantial part of the discomfort, damage and injury occasioned to the abutters by even the most careful and proper prosecution of the work, the abutter could not recover indemnity or compensation. It was also appreciated that in the prosecution of all great works, at times negligence and fault will occur, and that *Page 116 such fault will often be on the part of irresponsible parties from whom there would be small chance of recovering pecuniary redress. Therefore, though the city might not be liable for injuries occasioned by such negligence, it was entirely proper, if not morally obligatory upon the part of the rapid transit commissioners to secure the abutting owners from loss or damage occasioned by negligence and improper conduct of the work. This could only be accomplished by placing liability for the negligence upon a responsible contractor to whom they might give out the work, for the commissioners could not dictate the sub-contractors with whom he might contract. We are of opinion, therefore, that the defendant McDonald was, under his contract, liable for the damages sustained by the plaintiffs, and as to him the judgment below should be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event. It should be affirmed, with costs, as to the city of New York and the Rapid Transit Subway Construction Company, as to which last defendant we see no possible theory for imposing liability on it.