[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 636
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 637 This court decided in Trustees of Brookhaven v. Strong (60 N.Y. 56), and again in Hand v. Newton (92 N.Y. 89), that under the town charters it had title to the land under the waters of the navigable bays and harbors within the limits defined in those instruments. Those cases, however, afford no aid to the solution of the question now presented, for the reason that in the first action the patent under which defendant claims was a part of the town's title to the land then in dispute, and the second involved the title to land under water on the north side of the island entirely outside of the limits of defendant's grant.
The learned counsel for the appellant claims that the patent to William Smith did not in terms convey any part of the bay. This proposition cannot be sustained. The grant recites the issuing of a warrant to the surveyor-general of the province to survey and lay out, several necks and tracts of land, beach, bay, etc., situate on the south side of the island formely called Long Island, etc. That said surveyor-general had surveyed *Page 640 and laid out "said necks and tracts of land * * * bay and island within said bay bounded westward from the main sea or ocean etc." It then grants to Col. William Smith and his heirs the "afore recited necks and tracts of land within the respective bounds before mentioned, together with the waters, rivers, lakes,creeks, harbors, bays, islands, fishing fouling etc., and all rights * * * privileges * * * and appurtenances whatsoever to the aforesaid necks and tracts of land, bay, beach and islands within said bay" etc., etc.
It will thus be seen that the bay is granted by express terms.
The bay is not described as appurtenant to the neck and tracts of land, but the bay is conveyed with all the benefits and privileges appertaining thereto.
Almost identical language is used in the Dongan charter to the town and this court held it sufficient to convey the title to land under water (Brookhaven v. Strong, supra), and that decision must control the construction of the grant to Smith.
The land in dispute being, therefore, within the grant to William Smith, I think the case presents all the elements of an equitable estoppel against the town. It is not necessary, as is claimed in one of the briefs submitted to us by the appellant, to constitute an equitable estoppel that there should be a false representation or concealment of material facts. Nor is it essential that the party sought to be estopped should design to mislead. If his act was voluntary and calculated to mislead and actually has misled an other acting in good faith that is enough. (Man'f'rs. Traders' Bank v. Hazard, 30 N.Y. 226; Cont'l.Nat. Bk. v. Nat. Bk. Commonwealth, 50 N.Y. 575.) Nor is it essential that the declaration of the town as to its title to the land described in Smith's patent should have preceded the date or delivery of the deed, (Cont'l. Nat. Bk. v. Nat. Bk. ofCommonwealth, supra, 583-598; Casco Bank v. Keene, 53 Me. 103 .)
If those declarations affected the conduct of Smith, with reference to the land purchased, so that it would be unjust or injurious now to those who have succeeded him to permit the plaintiff to set up its title contrary to the truth of its declaration, *Page 641 it is sufficient. That which might not amount to an estoppel at the time the declaration is made, may become such by ratification or acquiescence. (Bigelow on Estoppel [5th ed.] 650; Faxton v.Faxon, 28 Mich. 159.)
The authorities in this state are all harmonious on the subject of estoppel in pais.
When a party, either by his declarations or conduct, has induced a third person to act in a particular manner, he will not afterwards be permitted to deny the truth of the admission if the consequence would be to work an injury to such third person or to some one claiming under him. (Wendell v. Van Rensselaer, 1 Johns. Ch. 344, 354; Storrs v. Barker, 6 id. 166; Town v.Needham, 3 Paige, 545; Dezell v. Odell, 3 Hill, 215; also see dissenting opinion of Judge BRONSON approved in 47 N.Y. 500;Brown v. Sprague, 5 Denio, 545; Plumb v. Cattaraugus C.M.Ins. Co., 18 N.Y. 393; Welland Canal Co. v. Hathaway, 8 Wend. 483; Thompson v. Blanchard, 4 N.Y. 303; Cont'l Nat.Bk. v. Nat. Bk. Commonwealth, 50 id. 575; Armour v.M.C.R.R. Co., 65 id. 111-122; N.Y. Rubber Co. v. Rothery, 107 id. 310-316.)
Numerous cases where this principle has been applied to real estate are collected in Washburn on Real Property (vol. 3, chap. 2, § 6), to which reference is made. When so applied it is as effectual as a deed would be from the party estopped.
The general rule deduced from all the authorities, is that if one is induced to purchase land by the acts or representations of another designed to influence his conduct, and creating a reasonable belief on his part under which he acts that he is thereby acquiring a valid title to the same, the party who thus has influenced him is estopped from setting up his own title, existing at the time of the purchase, against that of the purchaser.
The various declarations of the town through the trustees and town meetings must be construed as a single representation. They were all in pari materia and had one purpose, viz., to inform Smith that the town made no claim to the land he desired to purchase. *Page 642
The "necks and tracks" of land reserved to the Crown by the Dongan charter could not be identified except by a declaration by the town, or through the medium of some legal proceedings against the town. We have the fact that when the survey had been completed and embodied in the patent, it was read to the town meeting and approved and the town voted "to agree and acquiesce in the bounds of the patent."
It described particularly "the bay," and the patent obligated Smith to pay an annual quit rent to the Crown.
There can be no reasonable doubt that Smith sought and obtained the resolutions of the town meetings as muniments of his title, and that they were intended by the town to be such. They were calculated to and undoubtedly did influence the purchase, else why was the inquiry made and answered.
In the most deliberate manner possible the town not only disclaimed ownership, but agreed and acquiesced in the purchase, and in the boundaries of the land conveyed. I am unable to see any distinction to be made between the upland and the bay. Both were conveyed by the same instrument, and the resolution of the town meeting applied as much to one as to the other.
In reliance upon the declaration of the town, and on the supposition that he had title, Smith entered into possession, and he and his descendants, on the faith of these declarations, have had undisputed possession of the land for nearly 200 years. The town cannot now be permitted to deny the truth of its declarations and assert its title to the premises in dispute.
To repel, however, the presumption arising from the transactions I have alluded to, so far as it is made applicable to the waters of the bay, the appellant appeals to the acts of the parties under their respective patents; and it is claimed that the evidence shows such user by the town of the bay as indicates that title thereto was in the town by the acquiescence of all parties, and that if the evidence on this branch of the case was not conclusive, it was at least of such a character as to require the submission of the question to the jury.
The application of the rule which denies the right of the *Page 643 appellant to assert at the present time its title to the bay, depends very largely upon its acquiescence in the ownership of Smith and his descendants.
I have assumed such acquiescence in the view I have thus far taken of the case, but if the fact be as claimed by the appellant, the conclusion I have reached probably could not be sustained in the absence of a finding on that question by the jury.
The evidence of the question of user is of two kinds: First. Certain resolutions of the trustees of the town in reference to the control and regulation of fishing in the bay; and, second, acts of the inhabitants of the town in taking fish and oysters from the bay.
The first covers a period of about ten years only, beginning in 1759 and ending in 1768.
There is no evidence that any one ever acted under the resolutions of the trustees, and none that they were ever brought to the knowledge of the defendant's ancestors, or that he ever heard of them. The evidence that the inhabitants of the town took fish from the bay is confined mainly to the period between 1862 and 1879, when the town, under an agreement with the defendant Egbert T. Smith, controlled the bay.
There are a few instances earlier than 1862, but it was not shown that the persons acted under authority from the town. I can find no evidence in the case that the defendant Smith, or any of his ancestors, ever, by word or act, admitted the right of the town to control the fishing in the bay, and in the absence of evidence tending to show that fact, no resolutions passed by the trustees of the town, and no acts of the inhabitants in taking fish from the bay, can be regarded as indicative of title in the town.
There is no fact in the record inconsistent with the claim of the original patentee, or any of his descendants, of that full title which was conveyed by the original grant.
We think the evidence fails to show any user of the property in dispute by the town. *Page 644
For upwards of sixty years after the grant to William Smith, so far as the case informs us, if there was not absolute acquiescence in Smith's title, there was at least no claim or assertion by the town of a right to control the bay.
The greater part of the bay was, during the last century, conveyed to the town by the grandson of the original patentee, and the town now holds such rights as it has there under those conveyances.
In 1862 the town took from the defendant Egbert T. Smith a deed for the property now in dispute, agreeing, in consideration of that conveyance, to lease out the privileges in the bay and pay one-half the net proceeds to said defendant.
The town records inform us, with reference to that conveyance, that "Hon. Egbert T. Smith offered to release to the town all that part of the bay, etc., on the same terms as his ancestor released to the town the East bay in 1790, so that hereafter the town should have full control of all the bays on the south side of the island." It was thereupon resolved "to accept the offer," and the clerk was directed to embrace inone indenture the conditions of the grant to be signed by bothparties.
Smith becoming dissatisfied with the agreement and, threatening litigation, the agreement was annulled and the property reverted to him.
This agreement established a dividing line between the land in dispute and the East bay.
We think all these transactions, from the date of the patent to Col. William Smith to the annulling of the last agreement between the parties, speak one language on the question of title and show acquiescence on the part of the town in the grant to Smith.
The few resolutions of the board of trustees passed 150 years ago, and the few instances of the town's people asserting a right to fish in the bay, established only that there was occasional dissatisfaction and a show of resistance to Smith's title.
But the right under that title was always maintained and exercised by exacting small payments for individual privileges and by occasional leasing of the bay. *Page 645
There was, on the evidence, no question for the jury, and the court rightly disposed of the case on the legal questions alone.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur, BRADLEY and HAIGHT, JJ., in result.
Judgment affirmed.