The plaintiff was employed in a hay and coal yard in Fulton, New York. A carload of hay carried over the defendant's railroad was switched on a side track to be unloaded by the consignee. The plaintiff and another man undertook the work of unloading it. While *Page 431 the plaintiff was forcing open the door of the car with a crowbar some bales of hay which had been piled end upon end, close to the door, struck him and caused the injuries for which he sues. There is evidence that the customary method of loading a car is to lay the bales flat in the space near the door. Piled endwise they are less secure, and when the protection of the door is released there is nothing to stay their fall.
We may, for the purpose of this appeal, assume without deciding that the car was negligently loaded, and that there was no contributory negligence in the plaintiff's conduct. The question remains whether the negligence, which we thus assume, is chargeable to the defendant. The defendant did not load the car. That was done by the shipper. All that the defendant did was to seal the car after the hay had been placed in it by the shipper and the door had been closed. The defendant neither packed the hay nor observed how the shipper had packed it. To charge the defendant with liability, we must, therefore, be prepared to hold that after the car had been loaded and closed by the consignor the defendant was under a duty to inspect the contents in order to protect the consignee. We think that in the circumstances of this case such a duty did not exist. The general rule is that a railroad is bound to load and unload its cars, and until it has done the work of unloading delivery to the consignee is not complete. (London L.F. Ins. Co. v. Rome, W. O.R.R. Co.,144 N.Y. 200, 205; Benson v. Gray, 154 Mass. 391, 394.) This rule, however, may be varied by contract or by a course of dealing, and is perhaps not applicable in its full force to carloads of bulky freight. (Schumacher v. C. N.W. Ry. Co.,207 Ill. 199, 206; Mill Co. v. B.C.R. N. Ry. Co., 102 Iowa 262;Ry. Co. v. Bruce, 55 Ark. 65, 71.) If the consignee undertakes to unload the car, which is switched for convenience on a side track in his yard, the carrier's function ends, and delivery is complete when the car is thus placed in *Page 432 the custody of the consignee. In this case the consignee assumed the work of unloading as his own. He had no reason to believe that the work of loading at the other end of the route had been done by the railroad, and the fact is, as we have seen, that it had been done by the consignor. It was through the consignor that the contract of carriage had been made, and the consignee in accepting the shipment adopted the contract thus made in his behalf. (Nelson v. H.R.R.R. Co., 48 N.Y. 498; Donovan v.Standard Oil Co., 155 N.Y. 112, 119.) Indeed, the defendant's tariff schedules filed with the interstate commerce commission and the public service commission, show that "bulk freight will not be taken in less than carloads," and that "owners will be required to load and unload freight in carloads when carried at carload rates." Both consignor and consignee must, therefore, be taken to have understood that the defendant's contract was confined to the transportation of a car, to be loaded by the consignor at one end of the route and unloaded by the consignee at the other.
In these circumstances, we think that the defendant was under no duty toward the consignee to establish a system of inspection in order to guard against the consequences of careless loading by the shipper. We do not now determine what the carrier's measure of responsibility may be where its own agents have shipped the freight. We may also leave open the question whether any different conclusion is required in the case of the carriage of an explosive or other dangerous article. We are concerned now with the rule applicable to the carriage of the common products of the farm or the factory. We think that in such a case as this, the carrier's duty toward the consignee is merely one of transportation. A car is received by it, completely packed, which it undertakes to haul to a stated destination, and when it has done that, its duty ends. To hold that a carrier impliedly undertakes to inspect for the consignee's protection all cars that come *Page 433 into its custody, no matter where loaded or by whom, would be to impose an unjust burden. It often happens that shippers furnish their own cars. (Mallory v. Tioga R.R. Co., 39 Barb. 488; affd. in this court, 32 How. Pr. 616; Spears v. L.S. M.S.R.R. Co., 67 Barb. 513.) It happens still oftener that the cars at the point of destination are on the line of a connecting railroad. The rule to be laid down in respect of a carrier's duty toward the consignee must be flexible enough to adjust itself to these varying conditions. The statute (Public Service Commissions Law [L. 1913, ch. 344], sec. 37) now requires a railroad to furnish to all persons who apply therefore and offer property for transportation, sufficient and suitable cars for the transportation of such property in carload lots. Where this is done, and the situation makes it plain that the carrier is to take no part in the work of loading and unloading, its duty toward the consignee is fulfilled when it transports the freight in safety.
We must not be understood as intending by this decision to limit a carrier's duties, either toward its own employees or toward the public, while the car is in transit and its function as carrier continues. If lumber is improperly loaded in an open car, as was the case in Ford v. L.S. M.S.R.R. Co. (124 N.Y. 493), with resulting injury, while the car is in motion and under the carrier's control, liability will follow. No such situation is presented here. The car was securely closed; it was properly constructed; the transit was completed in safety; and for the injury that resulted to the consignee's employee, after the car had passed into the consignee's possession, the defendant is not liable.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
WILLARD BARTLETT, Ch. J., HISCOCK, CHASE, CUDDEBACK, HOGAN and MILLER, JJ., concur.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 434