The action is upon a promissory note, in the following form, viz.:
Ridgewood Ice Co. BROOKLYN, N.Y., Aug. 2, 1890.
$7,500. Three months after date, we promise to pay to the order of Clark Chaplin Ice Company, seventy-five hundred dollars at Mechanics' Bank: value received.
JOHN CLARK, Prest.
E.H. CLOSE, Treas.
It was delivered in payment for ice sold by the payee company to the Ridgewood Ice Company, under a contract between those companies, and was discounted by the plaintiff for the payee, before its maturity. The appellants Clark and Close, appearing as makers upon the note, the one describing himself as "Prest." and the other as "Treas.," were made individually defendants. They defended on the ground that they had made the note as officers of the Ridgewood Ice Company and did not become personally liable thereby for the debt represented.
Where a negotiable promissory note has been given for the payment of a debt contracted by a corporation, and the language of the promise does not disclose the corporate obligation, and the signatures to the paper are in the names of individuals, a holder, taking bona fide and without notice of the circumstances of its making, is entitled to hold the note as the personal undertaking of its signers, notwithstanding they affix to their names the title of an office. Such an affix will be regarded as descriptive of the persons and not of the character *Page 311 of the liability. Unless the promise purports to be by the corporation, it is that of the persons who subscribe to it; and the fact of adding to their names an abbreviation of some official title has no legal signification as qualifying their obligation, and imposes no obligation upon the corporation whose officers they may be. This must be regarded as the long and well-settled rule. (Byles on Bills, §§ 36, 37, 71; Pentz v.Stanton, 10 Wend. 271; Taft v. Brewster, 9 Johns. 334;Hills v. Bannister, 8 Cow. 31; Moss v. Livingston, 4 N.Y. 208;De Witt v. Walton, 9 id. 571; Bottomley v. Fisher, 1 Hurlst. Colt. 211.) It is founded in the general principle that in a contract every material thing must be definitely expressed, and not left to conjecture. Unless the language creates, or fairly implies, the undertaking of the corporation, if the purpose is equivocal, the obligation is that of its apparent makers.
It was said in Briggs v. Partridge (64 N.Y. 357, 363), that persons taking negotiable instruments are presumed to take them on the credit of the parties whose names appear upon them, and a person not a party cannot be charged, upon proof that the ostensible party signed, or indorsed, as his agent. It may be perfectly true, if there is proof that the holder of negotiable paper was aware, when he received it, of the facts and circumstances connected with its making, and knew that it was intended and delivered as a corporate obligation only, that the persons signing it in this manner could not be held individually liable. Such knowledge might be imputable from the language of the paper, in connection with other circumstances; as in the case of Mott v. Hicks (1 Cowen, 513), where the note read, "the president and directors promise to pay," and was subscribed by the defendant as "president." The court held that that was sufficient to distinguish the case from Taft v. Brewster (supra), and made it evident that no personal engagement was entered into or intended. Much stress was placed in that case upon the proof that the plaintiff was intimately acquainted with the transaction out of which arose the giving of the corporate obligation. *Page 312
In the case of Bank of Genesee v. Patchin Bank (19 N.Y. 312), referred to by the appellants' counsel, the action was against the defendant to hold it as the indorser of a bill of exchange, drawn to the order of "S.B. Stokes, Cas.," and indorsed in the same words. The plaintiff bank was advised, at the time of discounting the bill, by the president of the Patchin Bank, that Stokes was its cashier, and that he had been directed to send it in for discount, and Stokes forwarded it in an official way to the plaintiff. It was held that the Patchin Bank was liable, because the agency of the cashier in the matter was communicated to the knowledge of the plaintiff as well as apparent.
Incidentally, it was said that the same strictness is not required in the execution of commercial paper as between banks, that is, in other respects, between individuals.
In the absence of competent evidence showing or charging knowledge in the holder of negotiable paper as to the character of the obligation, the established and safe rule must be regarded to be that it is the agreement of its ostensible maker and not of some other party, neither disclosed by the language, nor in the manner of execution. In this case the language is "we promise to pay," and the signatures by the defendants Clark and Close are perfectly consistent with an assumption by them of the company's debt.
The appearance upon the margin of the paper of the printed name "Ridgewood Ice Company" was not a fact carrying any presumption that the note was, or was intended to be, one by that company.
It was competent for its officers to obligate themselves personally, for any reason satisfactory to themselves, and, apparently to the world, they did so by the language of the note; which the mere use of a blank form of note, having upon its margin the name of their company, was insufficient to negative.
In order to obviate the effect of the rule we have discussed, the appellants proved that Winslow, a director of the payee company, was also a director in the plaintiff bank, at the time when the note was discounted, and it was argued that the *Page 313 knowledge chargeable to him, as director of the former company, was imputable to the plaintiff. But that fact is insufficient to charge the plaintiff with knowledge of the character of the obligation. He in no sense represented, or acted for the bank in the transaction, and whatever his knowledge respecting the note, it will not be imputable to the bank. (National Bank v.Norton, 1 Hill, 572, 578; Mayor, etc., v. Tenth NationalBank, 111 N.Y. 446, 457; Farmers', etc., Bank v. Payne,25 Conn. 444.) He was but one of the plaintiffs' directors, who could only act as a board. (National Bank v. Norton, supra.) If he knew the fact that these were not individual but corporate notes, we cannot presume that he communicated that knowledge to the board. An officer's knowledge, derived as an individual, and not while acting officially for the bank, cannot operate to the prejudice of the latter. (Bank of U.S. v. Davis, 2 Hill, 451.) The knowledge with which the bank as his principal would be deemed chargeable, so as to affect it, would be where, as one of the board of directors and participating in the discount of the paper, he had acted affirmatively, or fraudulently, with respect to it; as in the case of Bank v. Davis (supra), by a fraudulent perversion of the bills from the object for which drawn; or as in Holden v. New York Erie Bank (72 N.Y. 286), where the president of the bank, who represented it in all the transactions, was engaged in a fraudulent scheme of conversion. It was said in the latter case that the knowledge of the president, as an individual or as an executor, was not imputable to the bank merely because he was the president, but because, when it acted through him as president, in any transaction where that knowledge was material and applicable, it acted through an agent.
The rule may be stated, generally, to be that where a director or an officer has knowledge of material facts respecting a proposed transaction, which his relations to it, as representing the bank, have given him, then, as it becomes his official duty to communicate that knowledge to the bank, he will be presumed to have done so, and his knowledge will then *Page 314 be imputed to the bank. But no such duty can be deemed to have existed in this case, where the appellants have made and delivered a promissory note, purporting to be their individual promise. If one of the plaintiff's officers did have knowledge, whether individually or as a director of the Clark Chaplin Company is not material, that the paper was made and intended as a corporate note, his failure to so state to the bank could not prejudice it. It was in no sense incumbent upon him, assuming that he actually participated in the discount (a fact not shown), to explain that the note was the obligation of the Ridgewood Company and not of the persons who appeared as its makers. He was under no duty to these persons to explain their acts, and the law would not imply any. At most, it would be merely a case of knowledge, acquired by a director, of facts not material to the transaction of discount by the plaintiff, and which he was under no obligation to communicate. No other questions require discussion, and the judgment rendered below should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.