[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 565
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 566 After what was said in the opinion (In re Eldridge, 82 N.Y. 164,165), there is no need of further remark to express the feelings with which we enter upon the consideration of a matter in which the professional character and conduct of an attorney-at-law is concerned. We will proceed at once to consider the questions presented by the points of the appellant. *Page 568
There is no question, properly in the case, whether the appellant had or had not a proper trial. He was entitled to a trial before the court upon evidence taken according to the rules of the common law. (82 N.Y., supra.) This is a personal right which he may waive (Ex parte Burr, 9 Wheat. 529) expressly, or by tacit acquiescence in the course taken by the court. (Anonymous, 22 Wend. 656.) In this case the appellant made no objection at the General Term to the mode in which it went on to try him. It was the duty of the General Term to proceed, when the papers before it on appeal from the order of the Special Term in the civil action between other parties and his clients, opened to them the grave nature of the allegations against him. (In rePercy, 36 N.Y. 651.) He had due notice of their purpose to do so. He came before the court, yet asked for no other mode of procedure than that which was given to him; nor did he make any objection until now that it was not that which he had a right to demand.
He did object that no copy of the charges against him had been delivered to him, as required by law. In a regular complaint against an attorney, charges should not be received and acted on unless on oath. (Ex parte Burr, supra.) The appellant's objection was not, that the charges against him were not put in a proper shape and verified. His objection was one to form, not to substance. The order to show cause, made by the General Term, required that the district attorney should serve upon him a copy of the papers on the appeal from the Special Term, the evidence of the conviction, or of the commission, of the crime, and any evidence of other matters to be presented to the General Term. That service was made. It showed not only what the charges would be, but what the proofs to be adduced to sustain them. (See 22 Wend., supra; In re Peterson, 3 Paige, 510.) It is plain that the appellant was not misled, or so left in the dark, as to come into court unprepared for a hearing on the order. The appeal book shows that he met all the matters presented against him with understanding and fullness of preparation. *Page 569
The first matter that was offered was that of his making a note in the name of Isaac S. Newton, and delivering it to his client, Hannah Chapin. This was, on its public side, the offense against the criminal law, the public offense for which he was indicted, tried, convicted, imprisoned, and of which he was pardoned. It is contended that the executive pardon of that offense has wholly blotted it out, and has given him new credit and capacity, and that, in the eye of the law, he is as innocent as if he had never committed the offense. (Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall. 380; In reDeming, 10 Johns. 232, 483.) Doubtless the effect of the pardon is that, so far as the violation of the criminal law, the offense against the public, is concerned, he is to be looked upon as innocent thereof. The pardon does reach the offense for which he was convicted, and does blot it out, so that he may not now be looked upon as guilty of it. But it cannot wipe out the act that he did, which was adjudged an offense. It was done, and will remain a fact for all time. Notwithstanding the extensive language used in Ex parte Garland (supra) and In re Deming (supra), and that which we have used, there are limits to the effect of such a pardon. "The word `pardon' includes a remission of the offense, or of the penalties, forfeitures or sentences growing out of it." (Per EDMONDS, J., The People v. Potter, 1 Park. Cr. 51.) The pardoned man is relieved from all the consequences which the law has annexed to the commission of the public offense of which he has been pardoned, and attains new credit and capacity, as if he had never committed that public offense. (In re Deming, supra.) Yet the pardon does very little toward removing the other consequences which result from the crime. (Per BRONSON, J., 5 Hill, infra.) It does not restore offices forfeited, or property or interests vested in others in consequence of the conviction and judgment (Ex parte Garland,supra; In re Deming, supra); and it has been said that it does not restore the capacity for civil office. (Comm. v. Fugate, 2 Leigh [Va.], 724.) We do not, at this time, follow that case to that length. It cannot take away the right of an informer *Page 570 to his part of a fine or penalty fixed by the law upon the commission of the offense (3 Inst. 238; Rowe v. State, 2 Bay [S.C.], 565); nor the perfected right to a moiety of the penalty going to a custom-house officer (U.S. v. Lancaster, 4 Wn. C.C. 64); nor the costs of the prosecution. (Holliday v.People, 5 Gilman [Ill.], 214; 2 Bay, supra; Ex parteMcDonald, 2 Whart. 440; The King v. Amery, 2 T.R. 515, 569.) Judge THOMPSON, of the United States Supreme Court bench, charged a jury, that though a pardon restored the person to competency as a witness, it did not give back credibility to him, and that they should not believe a witness in that plight unless his testimony was corroborated. (U.S. v. Jones, 2 Wheeler's Cr. Cas. 461.) And so BRONSON, J., said in Baum v. Clause (5 Hill, 196), "Pardon removes the legal infamy of the crime, * * * but cannot * * * wash out the moral stain;" "the crime still goes to the credit of the witness," citing 1 Phil. on Ev. 35; 1 Starkie on Ev. [ed. of 1842] 100. (See, also, Eighmy v. The People,78 N.Y. 330.) The effect of a pardon is to protect from punishment for the crime committed, and for no other. (Case of Nicholas, Foster's Cr. Law, 64.) That case shows, too, that though the pardon would wipe out the offense against the public of an act in one stage of progress of the effects of it, it will not affect the public offense of the same act in a further stage of its progress. The act there was giving poison. The subject languished, but did not die. An act of Parliament was meanwhile passed, pardoning public offenses, with some exceptions among which was murder. Had the subject not died from the poison, the act of Parliament would have taken in the guilty man's case, and freed him from the legal consequences of his act. But, after the passage of the act, and within a year and a day, the subject died from the poison, and then the giving of it was murder. It was held that the general pardon by the act of Parliament did not relieve the felon from the penalty of his act, though it did relieve him until the death ensued.
Though it is held that one pardoned for a larceny may maintain an action of slander against him who says he is a thief, and *Page 571 that justificatory proof of the thieving act is overcome by proof of the pardon (Cuddington v. Wilkins, Hobart, 67, 81 b), yet it is said there that Wilkins might say that Cuddington hadbeen a thief. (Id. 81 b.) It is expressly held to be so inBaum v. Clause (supra). It is also said in the case in Hobart (supra) that it might well be that a man, not knowing of the pardon, might justify apprehending him for the felony because it was for the advancement of justice. A justification thus made would, of necessity, be on proof that would show the criminal act and the former guilt of the pardoned man.
We have cited these instances to maintain, by authority, our position that, though the pardon obliterates the offense against the public the infraction of the criminal law, relieves the offender from the punishment affixed to it by that law, washes him white from the guilt that the criminal law saw in the act, and frees him from the disabilities consequent upon the act as a guilty act against the public; it does not annul the act and relieve from all consequences of it. For a pardon cannot take away the consequences of the act where private justice is principally concerned. (4 Bl. Com. 398.) Nor can a common nuisance be pardoned while it remains unredressed, or so as to prevent an abatement of it, because the offense savors more of the nature of a private injury to each individual in the neighborhood, than of a public wrong. (2 Hawk. P.C. 391.)
If one had been indicted and convicted for arson of a building, a pardon would not raise the building from its ashes. The fact would remain that it was burned to the ground, and by his act. If he was of such wealth as to be able to answer in damages to the owner, it would be no rebuttal of proof, in a civil action therefor, that he had been pardoned of his infraction of the criminal law. If he showed no more, a verdict would rightfully go against him, and he must be cast in judgment. The right of action of the owner, for the private harm done to him, could not be taken away by the act of executive clemency that excused and obliterated the public wrong. The act, in its bearing and effect upon objects and relations *Page 572 other than the criminal law, remains a live truth and still capable at times of affecting judicial action. It may no more be styled arson or forgery. It can be treated and weighed as other conduct toward a fellow-man. Thus, in the case in hand, the appellant made a copy of a promissory note once the property of a client, and held by him as her attorney, but which had been paid, and without authority signed to the copy the name of the maker of the genuine instrument. The indictment in one count charged that he made, forged and counterfeited the writing with intent to injure and defraud one Hannah Chapin and divers other persons. This was the public offense of forgery. Another count charged that he did utter and publish as true that forged note, with intent to defraud Hannah Chapin. That was the same public offense. The Oyer and Terminer declared his act to have been that public offense. The indictment and conviction was for an act done by him as a private person. They took no note that he was, while doing the act, an attorney-at-law of the Supreme Court, or that he was the attorney of Hannah Chapin named in the indictment, or that he wrote the copy of the note, and put the name to it for use in his relations with her of attorney and client. The pardon took no note of that. They were concerned with the public offense alone. Had Hannah Chapin suffered damage from his doings with her with that written instrument, she could have maintained an action against him. It would have been her private right. The pardon would not have taken away that right. When the General Term came to look at this act they did not take note of it as a public offense; they viewed and weighed it in its attribute of a dealing of an attorney with his client, and therefrom made in part their estimate of his character, and of his fitness to practice law, to have the property and interests of clients in his hands, and to hold himself out to the community as an accredited officer of their court. This was not a disregard of the pardon, for that did not excuse from the consequences of practising on his client. If, in a case like Ex parte Garland (supra), though we are far from intimating that such a supposition was possible in that case, it had been shown *Page 573 that an attorney used the rebellion, and aided it, for the purpose and with the effect of wronging his clients, the U.S. Supreme Court, we think, would not have ignored that act, to which the rebellious acts were ancillary, and while holding that the public offense was obliterated by the pardon, they would, in considering his application to be restored to the rolls of the court, have taken cognizance of his infidelity to his clientage. In our judgment the General Term had the power to take into their consideration this conduct of the appellant. (In re Peterson,supra.) We have attentively read the evidence taken on the trial of the indictment, and the affidavits in the case. Without discussing in detail the facts and inferences shown and to be drawn, we are forced to say, that the transaction was such as to justify the General Term in coming to the conclusion that it did.
Another matter presented to the General Term was this: The appellant procured a pension for one who had employed him thereto and received arrears of pension and the monthly allowance for some months. Of the money he received he did not pay over to the pensioner the sum of over $1,200 out of a little over $1,700 received by him. He avers that he agreed with his client that he was to retain all over eight dollars per month of the moneys that were paid by the government. This was an unconscionable agreement to be made by an attorney with a client. It is worse, when it does not appear that the client was informed or knew how much over eight dollars per month were the sums the government would pay. (White v. Whaley, 3 Lans. 327.) We cannot say that the General Term erred in deeming this transaction indicative of a depraved professional morality. There may have been good reasons why the United States court held that the facts shown to it did not sustain the indictment on which the appellant was tried. That decision does not soften the effect of those shown to the General Term.
The other matter presented to the General Term of a charge of a greater fee for obtaining that pension than is allowed by the Federal law is also significant. It was a disregard of a *Page 574 statutory inhibition made expressly for the protection of needy applicants for pensions. An attorney-at-law ought to have known the law, and knowing, ought to have obeyed it. It was a breach of law, made in his relation of professional agent of the claimant of a pension, and bears upon his character and conduct as an attorney. It is suggested on the appellant's points that he can be disbarred only for deceit, malpractice or misdemeanor (1 R.S. 109, § 24); and that the Code does not apply to him. (§ 67.) We need not determine whether or not the Code is applicable to his case. The facts we have stated would warrant the General Term in finding deceit and malpractice.
We do not lose sight of the very numerously and respectably signed certificate that was presented to the General Term. It doubtless was considered by the General Term as it has been by us. It shows in that community a general public sympathy with the appellant. That sympathy springs largely, we doubt not, from a knowledge of the wrathful pursuit of private vengeance that has urged the promoters of this proceeding. Informers have always been a despicable race, yet the law finds itself obliged to use them. Anger, envy, malice and hatred, are ill-featured passions. But the law makes the wrath of man to praise it, and the remainder of wrath it restrains. It does not weaken the force of facts that they are brought to light by parties who have private interests to gratify.
The certificate presented to the General Term does not assert a fair, moral and professional reputation of the appellant since the prosecution of him for forgery. It expresses, however, an opinion that he is a proper and competent person to practice law and that the signers have general confidence in his integrity. That is tantamount to having a good reputation. It is a weighty testimonial in his favor. It had its effect upon the mind of the General Term without doubt, but not enough to counteract that of the facts that were shown. The General Term was bound to form an opinion of its own. It could not ignore facts because of the counter opinion of ever so many men of respectability and standing. They spoke to what the *Page 575 community thought of him, notwithstanding those facts, if indeed the community fully knew of them, and how it felt toward him; that is, it spoke to his reputation. The facts spoke of his impulses to action; that is, to his character, what was at work within him, and might at any time impel him to action.
The order of the Special Term was not such an adjudication as was a bar to this proceeding. It is not an absolute rule that orders made upon motions are held as res adjudicata. Moreover, the order of the Special Term was made in suits between private parties. It could not affect other parties. Moreover, it was not a determinate order. It had been appealed from by which the effect of it was suspended.
We see no reason to reverse the order of the General Term. It is charged with a delicate and important duty in this class of cases; and while the disbarred attorney has a right to ask a review of its determination, the appellate court is not to forget that there must be an irregularity or plain impropriety in the conduct of the court below to warrant a reversal of its action.
Our judgment is that the order of the General Term should be affirmed.
All concur, except FINCH, J., absent.
Order affirmed.