Prior to May 19th, 1904, the plaintiff was the owner in fee simple of a plot of land with the building thereon fronting on Park, or Fourth, avenue, in the city of New York, upon which avenue there had been erected an elevated railroad structure and then in use by the New York Central and N.Y. Harlem railroad companies. The plaintiff had brought an action against the railroad companies for the fee and rental damages resulting from the construction of the railroad. Pending the suit and on May 10, 1904, he sold and conveyed the property to Belle A. Quay, reserving by the deed his claim for damages, both rental and fee, against the companies. The grantee covenanted to allow the plaintiff to prosecute suits in her name for the recovery of such damages and to execute any conveyances that might be presented to her by the plaintiff and be necessary to release her rights to the companies upon the settlement of any suit. She further covenanted to insert a similar covenant on the part of her grantee in any conveyance she might make of the premises. By various mesne conveyances the title vested in the defendant in this action. The complaint alleges these facts: That the plaintiff has reached an agreement with the railroad companies to settle his claim for $3,600; that he has demanded of the defendant the execution of a release of the easements in the property to the companies, and that she has refused to execute the same. The demand of the complaint is that the defendant execute such release, or in default of her doing so, the referee execute it in her behalf and in her name; or, if neither of such prayers are granted, then that the plaintiff be declared to have a lien on the property for $3,600, the *Page 64 amount at which he has agreed to settle the damages, and that the premises be sold to satisfy such lien.
Before the enactment of any statutory regulations on the subject, the mere pendency of a suit in equity affecting the title to real property was notice to all the world, and thus the rights of bona fide purchasers might be injuriously affected without fault on their part. That rule has long since been changed in this state, and in order to conclude by the judgment parties subsequently acquiring an interest in the property it is necessary to file a notice of the pendency of the action. The practice is regulated by section 1670 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which enacts that "In an action brought to recover a judgment affecting the title to, or the possession, use, or enjoyment of, real property, if the complaint is verified the plaintiff may, when he files his complaint, or at any time afterwards before final judgment, file, in the clerk's office of each county where the property is situated, a notice of the pendency of the action," etc. By section 1671 the pendency of an action is constructive notice to subsequent incumbrancers and purchasers only when the notice prescribed in the last section has been properly filed. By section 1674 authority is given the court to cancel the notice when the action is settled, discontinued or abated, or when final judgment is rendered against the party filing the same, or when the party unreasonably neglects to proceed in the action. No express authority is given to cancel the notice because the action is not one in which it may properly be filed. But we shall assume such power is vested in the court. The question, therefore, presented is whether the present action is brought to recover a judgment affecting the title to real property, and we do not see how there can be any doubt on the subject. The relief demanded is that the defendant execute a release to the railroad companies of the easements in Fourth avenue, which, until she releases them, are appurtenant to her premises. The defendant has now easements of light, air and access upon which the railroad companies are trespassing. These by law are appurtenant to her land. If the plaintiff is *Page 65 successful in the suit and compels her to release those easements to the railroad companies, it is very plain that the defendant's title will be different from that which she now holds.
It would appear from the opinion of the learned court below that the real ground on which the motion was granted was that the plaintiff could not successfully maintain the action. This, however, is not a proper ground for canceling the notice. (Mills v. Bliss, 55 N.Y. 139.) The question whether an action affects the title to property is an entirely different one from whether the plaintiff can succeed in the action. Moreover, it is by no means clear that the plaintiff must fail. It is undoubtedly the law, as held by this court, that the easements in the public streets of light, air and access cannot be severed from the title to the adjacent property to which these easements are appurtenant, though they may be released to the parties trespassing thereon. (Pappenheim v. Metr. El. R. Co.,128 N.Y. 436; Kernochan v. N.Y. El. R.R. Co., Id. 559; Foote v.Metr. El. R. Co., 147 id. 367.) Therefore, a grantor cannot on parting with the lands reserve to himself those easements. He may, however, reserve the damages that his grantee may collect for the invasion of these easements, and as to such damages the grantee becomes a trustee for the grantor. (Western Union Tel.Co. v. Shepard, 169 N.Y. 170.) We held in the case ofMcKenna v. Brooklyn Un. El. R.R. Co. (184 N.Y. 391) that the grantor could not maintain an action against the railroad company even after reservation of the damages, unless the settlement between the railroad company and the grantee was made fraudulently and in bad faith. This action, however, is not against the railroad companies. It is entirely probable that they might have ignored the plaintiff and settled with the present holder of the title. The companies, however, saw fit to pursue a different course; they have negotiated with the plaintiff and reached an agreement with him. The plaintiff will be able to carry out that agreement if his grantees comply with their covenant with him and execute the necessary releases. *Page 66 In other words, while the plaintiff's lien is only on the fund that results from the release of the easements to the companies, such release is a condition precedent to the fund being brought into existence; his grantees covenanted to execute the release in order that the fund might be produced, and the only object of this action is to compel compliance with that covenant. We shall not pursue the discussion further, for we do not intend to decide the questions involved in the case. It is sufficient to say that the plaintiff's contention is plausible, not destitute of merit, and that it ought to be decided after trial and not be disposed of summarily on an interlocutory application.
The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed and that of the Special Term affirmed, with costs in both courts, and the first question: "Was this action brought to recover a judgment affecting the title to, or the possession, use, or enjoyment of real property, within section 1670 of the Code of Civil Procedure, so that the plaintiff was entitled to file a notice of the pendency of the action?" answered in the affirmative, and the second question: "Had the court power, upon the facts, to cancel the notice of the pendency of the action?" answered in the negative.
O'BRIEN, EDWARD T. BARTLETT, HAIGHT, VANN, HISCOCK and CHASE, JJ., concur.
Ordered accordingly.