The defendant is a corporation organized by and in pursuance of chapter 36 of the Laws of 1873. The purpose of that act was to provide a supply of water to the city of Yonkers and its residents. The act, after providing for the acquisition of the necessary lands and the construction of a plant for that purpose, authorized the board of water commissioners to establish a scale of rents to be charged to persons using the water, or to property where such water was used, to be apportioned to the different lots or parcels of land in front of or near which water pipes were laid, having reference to their dimensions, values, exposure to fire, ordinary or extraordinary uses, or consumption of water, as near as was practicable, and from time to time to modify, amend, increase or diminish such rents. The act also provided that, in case the water rents should prove insufficient to pay the current expenses of maintaining and supporting the water works and the interest on the bonded debt authorized by the act, the amount of the deficiency should be assessed and become a lien upon the real property in front of and near which the water pipes were laid within the district to be supplied by water, the boundaries of which were to be fixed by the common council in the manner prescribed, such assessments to be made and collected upon a separate assessment roll and by a separate warrant.
Thus, by the statute, the expenses of constructing and maintaining water works in the city and paying the interest upon the bonds issued for their construction, were to be paid by rents which were charged for the use of water, if sufficient for that purpose. If insufficient, then a tax was to be levied to pay any deficiency that might exist. In pursuance of the provisions of this act, the defendant established a scale of rents to be charged to persons using the water, which, so far as applicable to the question in this case, was governed by the quantity of water consumed, the rate being reduced in proportion to the increase of the quantity taken.
The plaintiff was the owner of premises, in the city of Yonkers, known as numbers 58 and 60 Hudson street, upon *Page 330 which city water was used and charged to the plaintiff according to the scale of rents established by the board. When presented, the plaintiff objected to the amount of the bills for water rents, and the defendant then threatened to cut off the water supplied to his buildings unless the rents were paid, whereupon the plaintiff paid them under protest. This action was brought to restrain the defendant from shutting off the water, and to recover certain of the rents so paid upon the ground that they were illegal.
The first contention of the plaintiff is that the water rents authorized by this act and imposed by the defendant were taxes, and could not be established without giving the individual against whom they were charged a reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard as to their propriety and equality.
Hence, the first and, practically, the only important question is, whether the water rents established by the defendant under the provisions of this act were so far in the nature of taxes as to entitle the parties liable therefor to a notice and an opportunity to be heard before they were established. It is, perhaps, true that the legislature might have authorized the payment of the cost and expenses of constructing and maintaining the water works by taxation alone, when the plaintiff would have been entitled to the notice and hearing contended for. But, in this case, instead of doing that, it provided for the payment of a great portion of such expenses from a fund to be obtained by charging water rents to the persons by whom the water was used.
That there is a clear distinction between rents paid for water actually furnished by a corporation and used by an individual, and the payment of a sum in the nature of a tax for an anticipated benefit arising from the presence of water in the city, we have no doubt. Where an assessment for water is made upon a vacant lot, no use being made of the water by the person assessed, it may be that a sum thus assessed for a supposed benefit arising from the presence or public use of the water as distinguished from its private use by the individual, is in the nature of a tax, and that in such cases notice and *Page 331 an opportunity to be heard are essential to the validity of the tax. (Remsen v. Wheeler, 105 N.Y. 573; Matter of Trustees ofUnion College, 129 N.Y. 308.) If so, that principle has no application here.
While it is not denied that as to the portion of the expense of constructing and maintaining the water works by the defendant which was raised by taxation, the plaintiff was entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard before any tax was levied upon his property, still, it cannot be properly said that rents which are charged for water actually used are, in any just sense, taxes, so that persons against whom they are charged are entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard before they are established. (Treadwell v. Van Schaick, 30 Barb. 444; Hill v. Thompson, 18 J. S. 165; Reid v. Mayor, etc., 56 Hun, 156; Vreeland v. O'Neil, 36 N.J. Eq. 399; S.C., 37 N.J. Eq. 574;Provident Institution v. Jersey City, 113 U.S. 506,514.)
The authorities cited in effect hold that rents, which are charged for water actually used, are valid, although the rates are established without notice or opportunity to be heard by the person paying them. This is upon the ground of an implied contract between the parties, it being said that as the rates are known to persons applying for a supply of water, when the application is made, it is in effect an assent by the applicant to those terms, and constitutes a contract between the parties.
Moreover, in this case, in the application made by the plaintiff, he asked to be supplied with water under the rates and subject to the rules, regulations and ordinances of the board of water commissioners. It was by virtue of these rules that the rate charged had been established, and, hence, this application must be regarded as an express consent upon his part to pay the rates charged. We are of the opinion that, under these circumstances, the water rents charged the plaintiff were not in the nature of taxes, but were rents established for water actually used and supplied to him under an express contract that he would pay for it at the rates established *Page 332 by the defendant, and, therefore, he is not entitled to either enjoin the defendant from collecting them, or to recover any portion of them paid under protest.
The claim of the plaintiff, that the rents established by the defendant were not authorized by the act incorporating it, cannot be sustained. In broad terms, the act conferred upon the defendant the power to establish a scale of rents to be charged and paid for the use and supply of water, having reference to matters referred to in the statute, among which was the consumption of water. The objection made here is that the persons who consumed large quantities of water were not charged as much per hundred cubic feet as those who consumed a less amount. Under this statute the question of consumption was one of the elements to be considered in determining the rates. Surely, it cannot be said to be unreasonable to provide less rates where a large amount of water is used than where a small quantity is consumed. That principle is usually present in all contracts or established rents of that character. It will be found in contracts and charges relating to electric lights, gas, private water companies, and the like, and is a business principle of general application. We find in the rates as they were established nothing unreasonable, or that would in any way justify a court in interfering with them.
It follows that the decisions of the courts below were correct, and should be affirmed.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 333