I find but two questions in this case which were not raised and decided in Van Rensselaer v. Barringer, heard at the same term and now decided: *Page 149
1. Was the title of Jane Sterling, prior to her conveyance to Tenent Peck, sufficiently shown?
2. Was the plaintiff entitled to recover, without proof of a demand of the rent which became due on the 1st of May, 1860?
On the first question, it must suffice to say, that proof of a conveyance to Jane Sterling, forty years before the commencement of the action, and proof of the payment of the rent, reserved in her grant, to her heir at law and her grantees from 1829 to 1859, thirty years, by the tenants of the premises, was evidence enough of her title as against the defendant, by whom the said rents were paid for many years. Without pausing to inquire, whether, as against the defendant, these facts were conclusive, they certainly were prima facie evidence, and, being uncontradicted, they subject the defendant to all the legal consequences resulting from the grant by Jane Sterling, and the breach of the condition thereof by the non-payment of the rent due May 1, 1860.
Second, was the plaintiff entitled to recover without proving a demand of the rent?
The condition in the grant in question is absolute and unqualified, that, if the said yearly rent shall be unpaid at the time appointed for the payment thereof, "these presents and the estate hereby demised are to be void, determine and cease, and thereupon it shall be lawful for the parties aforesaid" (of the first part), "their heirs and assigns, to and upon the said premises, to re-enter, etc."
This is a perfectly legal and valid condition, not inconsistent with the grant itself, nor with any rule of law. (VanRensselaer v. Ball, 19 N.Y. 100, and other cases cited in VanRensselaer v. Barringer, at this term.)
By the terms of the condition then, the inquiry, whether there was or was not a sufficient distress upon the premises, is wholly immaterial to the plaintiff's right. The breach of the condition consists solely in the non-payment of the rent, and by the non-payment of the rent the condition is completely broken. However many goods were upon the premises, the condition was broken; and if there were *Page 150 no goods upon the premises, such condition was no more broken.
In the pursuit of his remedy, the plaintiff might be affected by the inquiry, whether there was a sufficient distress. But that the condition upon which, by an express and valid agreement, the right of entry would accrue, was broken, by the mere neglect to pay the rent, is clear.
For such a breach, can the plaintiff maintain ejectment and recover possession?
It is objected that he cannot, without a previous demand, made in strict conformity with the common law rule, on the day, on the premises, and for the precise sum due.
For the purposes of this case, let it be conceded that such is the rule at the common law, and that even the express words of the condition here leave the common law rule to operate: what is the result?
Although the right to distrain for the rent is not given in terms by the instrument, the right nevertheless existed. There might, but for our statute abolishing distress for rent, be a distress for rent reserved on a conveyance in fee reserving rent. From the time of the statute of 4th George II, chapter 28 (A.D. 1731), this was true, both of a rent seck and a rent charge; and our Revised Statutes (part 2, chap. 1, tit. 4, § 18), provided unqualifiedly for all cases, viz.: "When any certain services or certain rent reserved out of any lands or tenements shall not be paid or rendered when due, the person entitled thereto may distrain for the same."
The grantor and his heirs had therefore an alternative: they could proceed as at the common law by a strict demand of the rent and entry for condition broken; or they might distrain for rent in arrear.
To this condition of their rights, the statutes of 4th George II, (ch. 28, § 2), in substance re-enacted in this State (1 K. R. 134, § 23; 1 Rev. Laws of 1813, 44; and again 2 Rev. Stat. part 111, ch. 8, title 9, art. 2, § 1, p. 505), for the express purpose of saving the necessity of a previous demand and formal re-entry, added this further provision, that, if no sufficient distress could be found on the premises to satisfy the *Page 151 rent, the landlord, if he has by law a subsisting right of re-entry for the non-payment of rent, may bring ejectment, and the service of the declaration in ejectment shall be deemed and stand instead of a demand of the rent in arrear and of a re-entry on the demised premises.
If this statute is applicable to the plaintiff, there is an end of discussion. He has the right of re-entry; and as fully settled in Van Rensselaer v. Snyder, in this court (13 N.Y. 299), the abrogation of the right of distress, in 1846, made it unqualifiedly and inevitably true, that, in May, 1860, no sufficient distress could be found on the premises to satisfy the rent; and it will follow that this action was properly brought, that it stands in place of demand and re-entry, and was properly sustained.
It is argued that this statute was not applicable to the plaintiff; that he is not landlord, and the defendant was not tenant; that the statute does not apply to grants in fee reserving rent.
This is an erroneous restriction of the meaning of the terms "landlord and tenant." One who holds land by any kind of title, whether for years, for life, or in fee, is tenant, and he of whom land is held subject to the rendering or payment of rent or service is landlord. The cases which hold that since the act of 1787 concerning tenures no feudal tenure can be created in this State do not require that a statute so highly remedial should be restricted in its application to leases for a term or for life, when every evil it was intended to remedy called for its application wherever rent was reserved and the right of distress and of re-entry existed. In Van Renssalaer v. Ball (14 N.Y. 107), DENIO, J., on this point, says: "The inconvenience which the statutes, making a declaration in ejectment stand in the place of a strict demand, were intended to remedy, was the great particularity and nicety attending this demand at common law, and this was precisely as applicable to rents arising upon grants in fee as upon leases for life or years. I do not therefore see any reason in the nature of the case or in the language of the statutes for confining this remedy by ejectment *Page 152 to cases of rent service; and I am of opinion that it is applicable to all cases of non-payment of rent where there was a right to re-enter at common law. This conclusion is confirmed by the consideration that actions of ejectment for the non-payment of rents of this kind have been frequently under discussion in the courts of this State, and that it has been uniformly assumed that a strict demand was unnecessary if the plaintiff could show that there was no sufficient distress. (Jackson v. Collins, 11 Johns. 1; Van Rensselaer v. Jewett, 5 Denio, 121; TheSame v. Hays, id. 477; The Same v. Jewett, 2 Comst. 141;The Same v. Snyder, 3 Kern. 299.)" See also opinion of SELDEN, J. in Van Rensselaer v. Slingerland (26 N.Y. 587.)
The statute of 1846, which provided, that fifteen days' previous notice in writing, of an intention to re-enter, be given in certain cases, is not in conflict with this view. That statute is in terms applicable to a case in which the right of re-entry is by the grant or lease itself, made to depend upon the default of a sufficiency of goods whereon to distrain, and not where the right of re-entry is given by the lease or grant in default of payment of the rent when it becomes due.
Thus, when the right of re-entry is reserved and given to a grantor or lessor, in any grant or lease, in default of asufficiency of goods and chattels whereon to distrain for the satisfaction of any rent due, such re-entry may be made at any time after default in the payment of such rent, provided, fifteen days' notice be given, etc. Obviously, this does not describe the cases in which the right of re-entry is reserved and given on default of payment, without any regard to the question, whether there are goods and chattels on the premises or not. (Keeler v.Davis, 5 Duer, 507.)
Distress for rent being abrogated, the fifteen days' notice was substituted for a distress or a deficiency of goods whereon to distrain, in all cases in which, according to the agreement, a distress was the remedy prescribed for the collection of the unpaid rent.
The judgment should be affirmed. Judgment affirmed. *Page 153