The objections urged to the appointment of Mr. Robinson, as disclosed by the notice of appeal, were, first, that there was no vacancy to be filled, inasmuch as Washington Murray became trustee by virtue of his executorship of the last will and testament of the deceased trustee, James B. Murray; second, that it appeared that Mr. Robinson was an improper person to be appointed trustee of the will; third, that no notice had been given of the application for his appointment to the infantcestuis que trust, and, fourth, that no notice of the application was given to Hamilton Murray, the surviving trustee named in the will.
It is unnecessary here to speak particularly of the trusts declared in the instrument, and devolving on the trustee to *Page 263 execute, as it is conceded, they were and are such as made the appointment of a trustee by the Supreme Court proper and necessary, in case there was in fact a vacancy. This being conceded or established by proof, it was admittedly within the province of the court, and became its duty to appoint a suitable person to carry the trust into effect, as it is a familiar principle in equity that a trust which is legal shall not fail for want of a trustee. The question therefore arises, was there a vacancy at the time the application to the Supreme Court was made.
It cannot be said that there was no vacancy, for the reason that Hamilton Murray, named in the will as trustee, still survived. He had not accepted the trust, and had for twenty years omitted to qualify as trustee or to claim the trusteeship. No responsibility as trustee rested on him. Had he claimed the trusteeship as successor of James B. Murray, and nothing being shown to disqualify him, the court would undoubtedly have followed the wishes of the testator and appointed him. Still he was not trustee in law or fact at the time the application was made. His omission to qualify as trustee or to claim the trusteeship for so long a period, and permitting other persons during all that time to perform the duties without challenge, must be deemed a renunciation and refusal on his part to accept the trust. As regards him there was most clearly a vacancy. It is now quite unnecessary to consider the question, whether Washington Murray succeeded to the trusteeship, either as executor of James B. Murray, or by force of the language employed in the instrument itself. His decease deprives this objection of all practical importance; but we will, however, state, that, had he survived, we are inclined to the opinion that, under the facts of this case, he was not entitled to claim the trusteeship on either of the grounds urged by the appellant's counsel. We shall therefore assume that a vacancy existed in the trusteeship at the time the application to the Supreme Court was made.
It is next insisted that George W. Robinson was an improper person to be appointed trustee under the will. This *Page 264 is not made clearly to appear. It is not shown that he is wanting in integrity or business capacity, and the only objection now urged is that controversies existed between him and the deceased trustee in regard to matters pertaining to the trust, and that such difficulties remain unsettled. But his appointment will not prevent proceedings to compel, if necessary, their fair, complete and speedy adjustment. No insurmountable legal objection is suggested to his appointment, and it is not shown that the discretion of the court below has been improperly or unwisely exercised in his selection, especially when we hold in mind that he comes before the court recommended by those representing much the greater portion of the estate.
It is next urged that his appointment was improper without notice to the infant cestuis que trust. This was not an application for the removal of a trustee and for the passing and settling of his accounts. Had it been such, all persons interested in the trust property and estate should have been notified and made parties to the proceeding in the absence of all excuse for the omission. But in a proceeding simply for the appointment of a trustee to execute trust duties and powers, for the faithful performance of which security is always required, it is a matter of discretion with the court as to whom notice shall be given. The court in which the application is made may determine and direct in that regard; the appointment being always open to review on the application of any party interested, and who may not have been informed of the proceeding.
In applications of this character especially, the determination of the question as regards parties, rests very much upon considerations of convenience. Indeed, Judge STORY, in speaking of the subject of parties in actions and proceedings in equity generally, remarks that the rule "does not seem to be founded on any positive and uniform principle; and, therefore, it does not admit of being expounded by the application of any universal theorem as a test." He adds, "it is a rule founded partly in artificial reasoning, partly in considerations of convenience, partly in the solicitude of *Page 265 courts of equity to suppress multifarious litigation, and partly in the dictates of natural justice, that the rights of persons ought not to be affected, in any suit, without giving them an opportunity to defend them." In Harvey v. Harvey (4 Beav. 215), it was said that it was a question of convenience whether the court would require all the parties interested in the subject-matter to be made parties. And in Birdsong v.Birdsong (2 Head's Term Rep. 289), it was held to be a question of discretion rather than of absolute right. So it was held inWiser v. Blachley (1 Johns. Ch. 438), by Chancellor KENT, that the general rule that all persons whose interests may be affected by the decree, must be made parties, was founded on convenience and subject to exceptions and modifications according to the discretion of the court. (3 Vesey, 314; 11 id. 429; 15 id. 14 n.; 16 id. 321; 2 Paige, 15; 1 Johns. Ch. 349.)
In one of the cases cited, it is said that the rule requiring the presence of all parties interested is a rule of convenience, subject to modification and discretion, and that the court would be satisfied when a sufficient number of the persons interested were before the court to sustain the question submitted for its decision.
In the light of these decisions, the omission to give notice to the infant cestuis que trust of the proceeding in this case was not an error demanding a reversal of the order. Clearly, Mrs. Staab, the appellant, has no cause of complaint because of the omission, nor is it made to appear that the rights of the infants have been in any way injuriously affected thereby. Nor was it imperatively necessary to give notice of the application to Hamilton Murray, the surviving trustee named in the will. Indeed, notice to him was quite unnecessary. He had no interest in the trust property, had never accepted the trust, and for twenty years had omitted to claim the trusteeship. But, conceding that notice to him would have been proper, it was a matter of convenience and discretion with the court, and in this respect subject to the same rules above applied to the case of the infantcestui que trusts. *Page 266
We are unable to discover any error in the decision of the Supreme Court. The order appealed from should be affirmed, and, under the circumstances of the case, we are of the opinion that the costs of the appeal to this court, of both appellant and respondents, should be paid by the trustee out of the trust fund.
Ordered accordingly. *Page 267