[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 270
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 271 A purchaser of lands at a judicial sale, unless he is put upon his guard by some prior notice, may insist on a good title; and will not be required to pay over the purchase money and take a deed, unless the serious defects shown by him, are remedied. (McGown v. Wilkins, 1 Paige, 120; Spring v. Sandford, 7 id., 550; Jackson v. Edwards, 22 Wend., 498-509, per BRONSON, J.; Merchants' Bk. v. Thompson, 55 N.Y., 11.)
If it shall appear in this case, that the purchaser has suggested defects in the title which have not been obviated, and which would relieve a vendee in a private contract of sale, from a completion of it, we will feel disposed, as we shall be compelled, to excuse him from performance.
He puts forward three objections to the title offered to him by the referee.
First. He objects to the deed from James Casey and others to John Eddy, of the premises in question. His objection is confined to the certificate of the officer, before whom it is claimed that three of the grantors named in it made acknowledgment of execution of it by them. That officer does not certify that they were known to him to be the same persons who are described in and who executed it; he describes them as grantors of the within indenture, and no more. This certificate was made in May, 1831, after the adoption of that portion of the Revised Statutes relating to the proof and recording of deeds. It is plain that, they being the rule, this certificate is not sufficient to entitle this deed to record as the deed of those three grantors. No officer shall take the acknowledgment of the execution of a deed unless he shall know, or have satisfactory evidence, that the person making the acknowledgment is the individual described in *Page 273 and who executed the conveyance. (1 R.S., 758, § 9.) He is required to put his certificate upon the deed, setting forth that he so knows, or has such evidence. (Id., 759, § 15.) It is only a deed so acknowledged, and so certified to have been acknowledged, that may be recorded. (Id., § 16.) The certificate in this instance is not in the form required by law, and the deed was not entitled to record as the deed of the three grantors.
The respondent claims that it was acknowledged before a proper officer; so it was; a proper officer attempted to make a certificate. The mayor of Philadelphia was, by an act in 1829, authorized to take acknowledgments of the execution of deeds for record in this State. (Laws of 1829, 348, chap. 222.) The respondent then claims that it was acknowledged according to the laws of Pennsylvania, and seems to insist that this entitled it to record in this State. Were it so, that an acknowledgment according to the laws of that State were enough, it does not appear in the case how the execution of deeds may be lawfully acknowledged in that State. The respondent also cites Hunt v.Johnson (19 N.Y., 293), and argues therefrom, that when an acknowledging officer certifies that a person made to him an acknowledgment of execution, there arises an implication that the officer knew the person. That decision was as to a deed acknowledged and certified to, long before the adoption of the Revised Statutes. The law which they have made demands a substantial compliance with its prescription, and leaves no room for so large an implication. (See Northrop v. Wright, 24 Wend., 221.) The respondent also argues that the deed was made in 1831, and was then delivered to Eddy, and that he took possession under it then, and continued that possession until it created a title by the length of the adverse possession. It was put upon the books of the clerk's office in 1833, and we may infer that there was a delivery of it to him as early as that year. (Gilbert v. North Am. Fire Ins. Co., 23 Wend., 43; Elsey v.Metcalf, 1 Den., 323.) But the taking possession under it, and the continuing in such possession so long, *Page 274 and in such manner as to constitute an adverse possession which would defend him and his grantees are facts; which we cannot infer, and of which there is no proof. This position of the respondent is not tenable.
But a deed may be good to pass the title of those who have executed it, though it may not be so acknowledged and certified as to be entitled to record. The recording acts are not so large in scope, as that a deed not recorded, or not entitled to record, is void and ineffectual. The benefit of the recording of a deed is, that it thus becomes a defence against a subsequent purchaserbona fide. (1 R.S., 756, § 1.) When a deed is subscribed and sealed by the grantor named in it, or his lawful agent, though it is not acknowledged, if the execution and delivery of it is attested by at least one witness, it is effectual to pass the title of the grantor to the grantee, and to protect that title in the grantee against every one but a subsequent bona fide purchaser. (1 R.S., 738, § 137.) The execution of this deed by these three grantors seems to have been attested by two witnesses, Eveline Hale and Caroline Hale. It was duly acknowledged by all the other grantors, and duly certified, and duly recorded as to them. There is no suggestion of any subsequent purchaser bona fide who may contest the title. The objection of the purchaser, limited as it is to the form of the certificate, admits the existence of the deed, and all that appears connected with it. Besides, there is enough about this deed, in the certificates of the acknowledging officers, and of the county clerk, to establish that it had existence at or near the time it bears date. (Wilson v. Betts, 4 Den., 201.) We have then a deed which was effectual to pass the title of these three grantors to Eddy, and which did pass it; and the title was good in Eddy.
Second. The purchaser objects that the deed from Gilbert to Ramsdell does not express a consideration, and that the grantor may avoid it therefor. But a consideration may be averred in pleading, and may be proved on the trial, though not expressed in the deed. (Jackson v. Alexander, 3 J.R., *Page 275 484; Wilson v. Betts, supra.) That a consideration passed to Gilbert is amply shown; and the proof thereof is of record, or in writing entitled to record, and so to be easily perpetuated for the purchaser. The respondent has produced to the purchaser, a deed of the premises from Gilbert to Beutler, and one from Beutler to the purchaser. Each of them expresses a consideration. Besides that, there is on record a mortgage to Gilbert, from Ramsdell the grantee named in the defective deed from Gilbert, which mortgage is upon the same premises, is of the same date, and is recorded the same day with the deed. All these things make it plain that there was a consideration for the first deed from Gilbert. Moreover, the deeds from Gilbert and Beutler, so far as they are concerned as grantors, are not open to the objection that they are void, because given by grantors out of possession to a grantee out of possession, while the premises were held in hostility to the title of the grantors. (1 R.S., 739, § 147;Livingston v. Proseus, 2 Hill, 526.) It may be conceded that these deeds would be void as conveyances upon which to found a title, or a claim of possession, in hostility to the title of any one in possession of the premises claiming adversely. They are not void to fortify the title of the possessor of the premises, or that derived from him; nor to estop Gilbert from setting up that his former conveyance was without a consideration. They are executed for the purpose of acknowledging that there was a consideration therefor. (See Graham v. Bleakie, 2 Daly, 55.)
The purchaser now objects that these deeds were not tendered to him at any time or place agreed upon for that purpose, and that the tender of them was not accompanied with a tender of the referee's deed. It does not appear that this objection was ever before made. If it had been, it could have been obviated, in part at least, by making again a joint tender of the three deeds. It does not appear that any place was fixed upon for the referee to show to the purchaser that his objections to the title were removed; and as to the time, it was agreed that the referee should take the time that he *Page 276 thought reasonable, and there is no allegation that he has abused that privilege.
Third. The purchaser also objects that there is no record evidence of the assignment to Bowen, of the mortgage from Sarah Ramsdell to Carver, by a foreclosure of which and sale thereon, title was made to Gilbert. There could be no record, if the assignment was not in writing. But there is no legal need of a recording of the assignment, nor any for an assignment in writing. A good assignment of a mortgage is made by delivery only. (Runyan v. Mersereau, 11 J.R., 534.) That there was at least this, as to this mortgage, is made certain for the purposes of this matter, by the judgment of the Supreme Court in that foreclosure action. The complaint avers an assignment of the mortgage to Bowen, and is taken pro confesso by all of the defendants. And then follows the judgment of the court of a foreclosure of the mortgage, and a sale of the lands for the benefit of Bowen.
Besides that, Carver, the mortgagee, has executed an instrument in which is acknowledged an assignment of the mortgage to Bowen. When the purchaser, relying upon that instrument, completes his purchase, Carver will be estopped from denying that Bowen was the assignee. It does not appear that any one else is interested to deny that there was an assignment. The objection as to the time and place of the tender of this instrument is disposed of above. It thus appears that the title, as it is now ready for the purchaser, is free from reasonable doubt. Such a title he ought to be satisfied with.
There is another thing in the case which is an answer to the suggestions of these objections to the title. The purchaser had notice of the defect which he now sets up, before he made his bid. The affidavit of the respondent's attorney is, that he believes that the attorney for the purchaser was fully advised and informed, of all the several alleged defects in the title, before the sale. The attorney for the purchaser meets this averment, with a negative pregnant; he does not deny some notice; he does deny that he was fully informed. This is not a denial of notice, sufficient to have made him and *Page 277 his client wary in bidding at this sale, if they looked for a title without defect; for, with that prior notice of these defects, they could not rely upon them as reasons for refusing the title offered by the referee. The ground of the decisions cited in the beginning hereof is, that it is for the interest of all concerned, that bidders may bid freely and to the full value of the premises, and that to do this they must feel assured that they may exact a good title. But if notice of defects is given at or before the sale, this reason does not operate, and those at the sale bid, in fact and in legal contemplation, for the lands, with just such title as can be given for them; and the successful bidder must then pay for just the title he has had in his mind when he bought.
For the reason that no objection to the title is suggested which has not been obviated by the referee, or which if not obviated is of any moment; and for the other reason, that the purchaser had prior notice of the defects which he now urges, we are of the opinion that he is bound to carry out his bargain.
The order appealed from should be affirmed.
All concur.
Order affirmed.