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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 20 When this case was here on a former occasion, a new trial was granted on the ground that a nonsuit had been refused, upon a state of facts, of the truth of which *Page 21 there is now no pretense. That decision is unreported in the regular series; but one of the opinions delivered in this court is contained in another law publication. (24 How. Pr., 97.) In that report, through some misapprehension or oversight, the head-notes, as well as the preliminary statement of facts, are essentially erroneous. The body of the opinion, however, discloses a very striking difference in the evidence, as then and as now presented, on the vital question, whether the husband of the plaintiff was a negligent and guilty participant with the defendant in the wrong which resulted in his death. We find the difference still more marked on examining the printed cases, upon which the decision of this court was founded.
It seems that the plaintiff was surprised on that trial by proof, which she probably had no reason to expect, but which was not repeated on the last trial, when she was prepared with evidence to meet it. The prevailing opinion assumes — and we are at liberty, and perhaps bound, to suppose that the testimony of Simmons, Butler and Waltemyre, whom the defendant did not call on the last trial, justified the assumption — that Ernst was intoxicated on the occasion of the collision; that he drove so carelessly by the way that he nearly tipped over; that he was cautioned at the time by the person riding with him to drive more carefully; that he was partially deprived of the use of his ordinary faculties; that he knew the stated times for the passage of the trains; that this was, in fact, a regular train, on its stated and customary time; that it was notoriously due at that hour; that Dearstyne's hotel, at which Ernst stopped, was 150 feet east of the track; that he started from there at a rapid rate of speed; that other persons heard the train coming at quite a distance; that four of them, after he started from the tavern, respectively called to him in a loud voice to stop, several times each; that quite a number of persons saw the approach of the train; and that he had an open view of it, nearly all the way from the hotel to the crossing, for a distance of a hundred rods from the highway on which he was riding. (24 How., 102, 108, 110.) *Page 22
In the light of the evidence given on the last trial, it is not difficult to infer why testimony like this was not reproduced, when the plaintiff was prepared to meet it. Simmons, one of those witnesses, swore there was a box on the testator's sleigh, and a seat on the box; represented, in substance, that this intoxicated man, who had been running his horses and drinking at every tavern, had his head, as well as his face, bundled up in a big shawl; that he, himself, heard the cars coming, and standing near the track, face to face with Ernst, when the latter was half way down from the tavern, told him to stop for God's sake or he would be killed. It appears that Butler, on that occasion, swore with equal zeal. His version of the matter in substance was, that he stood at the northwest corner of Broadway and Rensselaer streets; that he hallooed from there to Ernst as he was passing, to hold on; that the testator appeared to hear him, but turned his head away, and, in defiance of the warning, drove on to the crossing. Waltemyre, on that trial, went further still, and, in effect, represented Ernst as driving his horses on the track directly in front of the engine, though warned of its approach by the whistle, the bell and the flagman.
The testimony of these three men, then given and now withheld, explains the former decision that, upon such a state of facts, the plaintiff should have been nonsuited. It also explains why that decision was by a divided court. Such testimony, though not met by a point-blank contradiction, was too improbable in its nature, and too inconsistent with the other facts proved, either to obtain credence with the jury, or to commend itself to the full confidence of practiced jurists. It happened that the case, upon the testimony as then given, was heard in this court and the court below, by ten of the judges, only five of whom differed in their conclusions on the question of fact from the jury. It is scarcely to be supposed that they would have hesitated to approve the verdict, if it had been rendered upon the proof presented by the respective parties on the subsequent trial.
It now appears that the prominent facts then relied on to *Page 23 inculpate the testator were fictitious. Instead of being a drunkard, stupefied or crazed with liquor, he is proved to have been an orderly, sober and respectable citizen. The pretense that he drank anywhere that morning is abandoned, and his family physician testifies that he never knew him to be intoxicated. Instead of being deprived of the use of his faculties, he is shown to have been a man in the prime of life, of regular habits, with clear vision, and in perfect health. Instead of running his horses by the way, and starting from the tavern with reckless speed, he is shown to have been an experienced and practiced driver; and it is proved that, on this occasion, he started from the hotel on a walk, and continued to drive with moderation, prudence and judgment. The claim that he knew the stated times of the trains is also abandoned. The fact that this was a regular train, on its customary time, is alleged by none, even of the defendant's witnesses, except Gregory the engineer; and he is contradicted by Dearstyne, an intelligent and disinterested witness, who knew the time of the trains, waited for them with his ferry-boat, and observed the fact, at the time, that this was a train not then due. The defendant, knowing the fact to be in issue, neither produced its time tables, nor confirmed Gregory's statement by the testimony of any of its other employés. The absence of the flagman from his post is strong presumptive evidence that no train was due at that hour. Under such circumstances, no court has a right to assume, as matter of law, that the statement of the inculpated and impeached engineer is true, and that the contradictory testimony of a reliable and disinterested witness is false.
It now appears that, instead of the testator's riding a hundred and fifty feet in full view of the engine, the whole distance from the hotel to the track is less than a hundred and thirteen feet, and that he did not see the engine at all, until it emerged from behind the station-house, when the horses were in the very act of going upon the crossing. It also appears that, instead of his having, from the hotel down, except opposite the station-house. an open view of the *Page 24 northern track for a hundred rods, there was but one place in the whole distance where, even if he had been standing up and expecting a train, he could have seen it as far north as the ice-house, which was within five hundred and ninety-four feet of the crossing. The track, instead of being straight, was sharply curved. The view, instead of being open, was obstructed by intervening woods and upland. The natural point of observation, when there was no signal of an approaching train, would be at the corner of Rensselaer street, as he turned his horses round to the north and drove into it from Broadway. The proof is explicit, that from that point the range of vision is but about twenty rods, and it is equally decisive that, when he was at that point, the engine was behind the hill and woodland, at least fifty-seven rods above the crossing. Ernst, as he drove down, was sitting on the bottom of his sleigh, which had no box. This, of course, materially narrowed his range of vision, and made every intermediate fence an additional obstruction to the view.
There is no pretense now that any one east of the store which adjoins the track either saw or heard the train at all, until it reached the crossing. Ten Eyck and Hunter were at the store, within two or three rods of the rails. Both of them were looking north, and both unoccupied; yet neither of them saw or heard the engine until it was within less than two hundred feet of them, the horses of Ernst being then close to the track and in full motion. It was not seen at all by the witnesses Taylor, Traver, Dearstyne and Van Denburgh until just before it reached the crossing; and none of them heard it until then, except the ferryman, who was more familiar with the sound, and who detected it first, while looking in that direction from below on the river side, when the cars were within three hundred feet.
The claim that four men were hallooing to Ernst to stop, when he was not yet half way down, is also now abandoned. But two men hallooed at all, one from the store and one from the station-house, while the team was passing between *Page 25 them. If Ernst heard what either of them said, the fact is undisputed that no one else did. The warning was well meant, but it came too late. It was simultaneous with the res gestæ; with the rush of the engine, the plunge of the horses, and the ineffectual struggle of the testator to rein them back.
The proof is clear and decisive, that the bell was not rung nor the whistle blown until after the collision. Only two of the defendant's witnesses claimed that they were; and they were the two employés whose neglect of that duty cost Ernst his life. One of them was a mere boy. Both were impeached on material points, by their own oaths before the coroner's jury. They had officiated some two months before as engineer and firemen, when Wilds was killed. They were specifically contradicted as to the whistle and the bell, by two of the defendant's and five of the plaintiff's witnesses, and they were confirmed by nobody.
On the last trial it also appeared that this was a flag station; that it was the known and uniform practice of the company, whenever there was a train advancing within eighty rods of the crossing on either side, to give notice to the public of its approach by exhibiting, at that point, a white flag if the engine was to stop, and a red flag if it was to pass without stopping. There was neither flag nor flagman at the crossing; and thus the practice, which was adopted for the security of the traveler, was converted on this occasion into a snare for his destruction.
On this state of facts, there was nothing to justify the imputation of culpable negligence to the testator; and, most manifestly, there was nothing to warrant a court in adjudging his guilt as matter of law, without the intervention of a jury.
In determining the propriety of a nonsuit, we are legally bound to assume the truth of the facts which the testimony of the plaintiff legitimately conduced to prove, though their correctness be controverted by the defendant's witnesses. (Colegrove v. The New Haven and Harlem Railroad Companies,20 N Y, 492; Merritt v. Lyon, 3 Barb., 110.) It is *Page 26 the appropriate province of the jury to deduce inferences of fact, and to weigh doubtful or conflicting evidence.
The testator was lawfully upon the public highway. The right he had to use it was as perfect as that of the defendant to cross it. In the exercise of his legal privilege he did not expose others to injury, and was charged with no duty of extraordinary vigilance. The defendants exercised theirs, with agencies imminently perilous to human life, and they were under a correlative obligation to use them with the highest degree of care. As the highway was never dangerous, except when they made it so by driving their engines across it, and as they never crossed it without some degree of jeopardy to the wayfarer, the law provided for the security and protection of the citizen, by requiring the defendants to give special and public warning, whenever their engines approached the crossing.
The rights of the people of Rensselaer in their own highways are not subordinate to those of the railroad company. If the traveler is warned of the approach of an engine by the customary signals, or if by other means he is made aware of its proximity, it is his duty to avoid exposing himself to injury. If he advances on the open highway, with no cars in view, and no indications of their approach, either by signal or otherwise, he is at liberty to pursue his way, without incurring the imputation of breach of duty to a wrong-doer.
The only condition of the right to redress for a wrong of this description is, that the party aggrieved be free from culpable negligence; and he is not chargeable with such negligence, unless he fail to exercise ordinary care and vigilance to avoid the injury of which he complains. There has been some diversity of judicial opinion as to what ordinary care and vigilance demand of a party, upon a given state of facts; but, that this is the uniform standard, by which to test the right of the plaintiff, has been too often adjudged to be open to further discussion.
The rule is simple, practical, and easy of application. "The question is," as this court said, when the case was before it on a former occasion, "what would a majority of *Page 27 men of common intelligence have done under like circumstances?" (24 Howard, 108.) "Ordinary care, skill and diligence, is such a degree of care, skill and diligence, as men of ordinary prudence, under similar circumstances, usually employ." (Brown v. Lynn, 31 Penn., 512.)
The degree of care which men of common prudence would be likely to observe in a given case must be determined with reference to all the attendant circumstances. An injury by an engine inmotion would necessarily be of a grave and serious character; but at a distance of eighty rods from the crossing, it would be as harmless to the wayfarer as the rail over which he drives. It is not unusual in argument to confound the seriousness of such an injury, when it occurs, with the probability of its occurrence, and to assume that the same degree of vigilance is demanded when the engine is not within the range of sound or vision, as when it is seen in close proximity, or public warning is given of its approach.
The measure of precaution which ordinary prudence suggests is in due proportion to the probability of danger. When a train is seen or known to be close at hand, a discreet man would stop until the danger is past; but to stand waiting in front of a public crossing, with no reason to believe that there is an engine within a quarter of a mile, would indicate overcautious timidity, and would seem to most men puerile. On such subjects, as on all others, men exercise their reason, and do not yield to childish apprehensions of distant engines or unloaded guns. When they draw near a railway crossing, and the flagman gives no warning, when no sign or sound indicates the presence or approach of a train, they assume that they may safely cross, and proceed quietly on their way. If, in such a case, an engine, with muffled bell, rushes upon them too suddenly for escape, the wrong is due to those who falsely assured their safety by withholding the usual warning.
The citizen who, on a public highway, approaches a railway track, and can neither see nor hear any indication of a moving train, is not chargeable in law with negligence, for assuming that there is no car sufficiently near to make the *Page 28 crossing dangerous. (Newson v. New York Central R.R. Co.,29 N Y, 390; Johnson v. Hudson River R.R. Co., 20 id., 74;Hegan v. Eighth Avenue R.R. Co., 15 id., 383; Harper v.Curtis, 1 E.D. Smith, 78; Gordon v. Grand St. R.R. Co., 40 Barb., 550; Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. Ogier, 35 Penn., 60, 72.) In the case first cited, Judge JOHNSON, who delivered the opinion of the court, stated the rule thus: "The law will never hold it imprudent in any one to act upon the presumption that another in his conduct will act in accordance with the rights and duties of both." In the case of Gordon v. The Grand St. R.R.Co., Judge BROWN traced the rule to the reason on which it was founded. "Negligence," he says, "cannot be predicated of such an act. Care in avoiding danger implies that there is, or would be with all prudent persons, something to create a sense of danger; for, if the circumstances are not such as would put a prudent and cautious person upon his guard, the omission to exercise more than ordinary attention is not the negligence which contributes to an accident." In the case last cited, the court, in considering the effect of the omission to give the customary signals, on the question of due care by the plaintiff, used language equally explicit. "A defendant cannot impute a want of vigilance to one injured by his act, as negligence, if that very want of vigilance were the consequence of an omission of duty on the part of the defendant."
In the present case, the defendants not only misled the testator by not exhibiting the flag at the crossing, in accordance with the uniform custom when an engine was near, but also by approaching the highway illegally, neither sounding the whistle nor ringing the bell as they advanced. This was an act in open defiance of a public statute, enacted for the protection of the traveler. It was a flagrant breach of duty to the passengers, whose safety it jeopardized, to the stockholders, whose property it imperiled, and to the testator, whose life it exposed. Its direct tendency was to put him off his guard, to disarm his vigilance, and to produce a false sense of security. To transfer the blame to him, would be to screen the wrong-doer at the expense of the victim. It is *Page 29 not the policy of the law to favor those who deliberately violate its mandates, nor is it the duty of the courts to invent excuses for wrong-doers, or to palliate the guilt of reckless homicide. Our statutes for the protection of life are to be obeyed; and when they are broken and defied, responsibility is not to be invaded by imputing blame, without proof, to him who suffers death, for the sake of shielding those who inflict it.
In this case, the parties inculpated have been sworn. Ernst, of course, could not confront them; but we are to judge him in the light of the evidence, by the ordinary rules which govern human action. He was a man of business, in the vigor of middle life, and in the full possession of his faculties. He was a man of family and of character, of experience and of judgment. He had no apparent motive or inducement to make a wanton sacrifice of his life. He had the ordinary instincts of humanity. If, on this occasion, he did anything which he ought not to have done, or left undone anything which he ought to have done, it was in the brief interval of nineteen seconds.
It is said he should have looked north before he drove down the street, which the defendant, by violating the statute, could convert into a oul-de-sac to the traveler. That was precisely what he did. In turning his horses around to drive from Broadway into Rensselaer street, he necessarily faced to the north and west, thus commanding a view of the track directly in front for a distance of some twenty rods. He did not see the cars, for the simple reason that they were not there. They were still behind the hill, and nearly sixty rods northeast of the crossing.
It is claimed that he started at a high rate of speed; but the proof is, that he started on a walk; that he went down Rensselaer street on a slow trot, and that he did not quicken his gait until, as he approached the track, he was beckoned to hasten on to the ferry-boat, which was waiting for him at the landing.
It is also said that he should have been on the look-out for the flag, uniformly displayed at the crossing when a train *Page 30 was near. He did look, and he saw that there was no flag; which was a direct assurance by the defendant that there was no engine advancing on either side within a quarter of a mile. He was forewarned of no approaching danger; and it was not to be expected, under such circumstances, that he should be forearmed with extraordinary vigilance.
The plaintiff is reproached with the fact that her husband had a shawl round his neck. It is the ordinary precaution, on a cold winter morning, of every traveler who has one to wear, and it was no more a breach of duty to this railroad company, than it would have been if he had worn a fur cap or a second overcoat.
It is claimed that he should have listened for the whistle and the bell. He did; and the fact that neither was sounded, was a further assurance by the defendant that there was no engine in motion within eighty rods of the crossing.
It is also claimed that he should have stood up in his sleigh. He owed no such duty to the defendant. It would be scarcely more absurd to hold that a footman should climb a tree or mount a fence before crossing, to assure himself that the company was not breaking the law, by sending an engine without signals, to run over travelers on a public highway.
It is insisted that he ought to have looked before him, and on both sides as he advanced. He did, for he is proved to have been a man of clear vision, and he could not avoid so looking, except by closing his eyes. He was sitting on the bottom of his sleigh, and, of course, his range of view was essentially limited; but to say that he did not or could not see whatever was within that range, would be in direct hostility to the proof. It would be as idle as it would be to assume that one who is driving down the center of State street, cannot see that there are buildings on both sides of the way — or that a Hudson river pilot cannot see both shores of the river in front of him, without turning his head back and forth in the wheel-house.
It is said that he should have observed the man who was *Page 31 beckoning to him from the ferry side of the track. He doubtless did, unless the horses in front of him partially obstructed his view; and it is reasonable to assume that he understood it, as others did, as urging him to hurry on to the boat.
It is claimed that he was bound, by an inflexible rule of law, to see, to hear and to understand the two persons who hallooed; one from the station-house, and the other from the store, as he was passing between them. There is no such rule of artificial presumption, and we see no reason for its adoption, if we were at liberty to change the law of evidence. It would be an arbitrary legal intendment on a pure question of fact, without reason or truth to commend it. We have no authority to invent rules for the purpose of shielding wrong-doers. It was a question of fact for the jury, whether the testator saw and heard these men. His advanced position and his winter attire did not favor a lateral view. It is obvious that he did not hear what they said, for it was heard by no one else; and they were speaking simultaneously from opposite sides of the street. Neither of them called him by name; and if his attention was directed, as it naturally would be, to the movement of his horses, and the steep descent to the ferry-boat directly in front of them, he probably assumed that the men were speaking to each other across the street, an incident of ordinary occurrence in a country village. It is quite probable, too, that he heard simultaneously the rush of the train, as all this occurred within a few seconds of the fatal collision. His horses were under full headway; and every one who is accustomed to drive knows the difficulty of controlling even a single horse, when brought suddenly in presence of an engine, rushing upon him at the rate of forty miles an hour. It is proved and undisputed that his horses were frightened; that they sheered southwardly on the track, and that he struggled, ineffectually, to rein them back. The evidence establishes an adequate cause of death in the defendant's wrong. It affords no warrant for imputing to the testator the guilt of complicity in that wrong. *Page 32
The comments made by Judge WRIGHT upon the proof, in the grossly exaggerated form which it assumed on a previous trial, have still more controlling force in their application to the evidence as now presented, when the most important portion of that then given by the defendant is abandoned. "It is doubtful from the evidence," said the learned judge, "whether, at the time the signals and hallooing occurred, the deceased had not approached so near the track that it was impossible to stop his horses short of it, even if he had heard and understood the warnings to be of the approach of the cars. This was a question for the jury; for, to have given these warnings any significance, the fact should have clearly appeared that it was in his power, by heeding them, to avoid the collision. So, also, the signals and hallooing were understood differently by the bystanders. One thought they meant to keep off; another to come on the boat; while others did not understand their meaning at all. The whole transaction must have been embraced within a few seconds of time; and the hallooing and gesticulations of the bystanders, even if observed by the deceased, were well calculated to confuse him. Those who made the motions did not understand each other. The deceased was bound for the ferry-boat, then on the point of leaving, and was hailed to come on. The hallooing proceeded from different points. Hearing no bell or whistle, and observing no flagman, the decedent might well have concluded that no train was approaching, and that the hallooing was to hasten him toward the boat. It is fair to presume that he did not hear the words spoken, as the witnesses did not hear what was said by each other. At all events, I think it was a question for the jury, whether Ernst did not understand the signals and outcries as invitations to hasten to the ferry-boat; and if he did so understand them, then I agree with the learned judge who delivered the opinion of the court in this case on the former hearing, that "they were calculated to induce him to do just what he did do, and might naturally disarm a prudent person of the suspicion of danger approaching from another quarter." *Page 33
In a subsequent portion of the same lucid and able opinion, he adds:
"He had a right to assume that, in propelling their cars, the defendants would act with appropriate care; that trains would approach the crossing at proper speed; that the usual signal of approach would be seasonably given; that the managers of the train would be attentive and vigilant; that the flagman would be at his post and guard the crossing on the arrival of trains not intending to stop. Ordinary prudence scarcely dictated that he should so have conducted as to protect himself against the culpable acts and omissions of duty of the defendants' employés, in propelling a train of cars past a known station, and across a crowded thoroughfare, at the speed of forty miles an hour, ringing no bell, sounding no whistle, disregarding the look-out, and having no flagman on duty to warn of impending danger. Seeing no flagman, and hearing none of the usual signals of the approach of a train, it was not unreasonable or imprudent to conclude that no train was approaching, and that consequently there would be no danger in passing over the track. Besides, the tendency of a neglect by the employés of the company to give proper notice of the approach of the train, was to cause the deceased to be less attentive than he otherwise would have been. He was, by the negligence of their employés, in a degree thrown off his guard, and induced to attempt to cross the track apprehending no danger. The presumption is irresistible that he would not have taken a step toward hazarding his life, if he had been made aware, by the usual signals, of the proximity of the train. It is by no means clear that he did not see the train after getting west of the station-house, but too late, in the excitement and confusion of the moment, to have so controlled his horses as to have avoided the collision."
The dernier claim of the appellant, all other defenses failing, is, that the testator was guilty of culpable negligence, in not listening for and hearing the rumble on the rails, of a train which he had no reason to expect, and which gave no signal of its approach. That he did not hear it in time to *Page 34 escape the collision, is so obvious that the defendants do not claim that he did; but they insist that he ought to have heard it, and that his failure to do so was a breach of duty to the company.
This theory is founded on the incidental opinions expressed by two of the witnesses, not as to the distance this train might have been heard, under the actual circumstances and with the intervening obstructions, but on the general question how far it might be possible to hear a train approaching, when omitting the customary signals in violation of law. Neither of them professed to speak from actual knowledge or observation, and their estimates were widely different. One thought it might be detected at a distance of one or two miles, and the other that it would not be audible, when the whistle would be, at a distance of seven or eight rods. It is obvious that speculative opinions, on such a question, scarcely rise to the grade of evidence. The distance at which the approach of a train can be heard, without the signals, must depend on a great variety of circumstances, such as the structure and condition of the particular rails, the firmness of the ties, the size of the train, the direct or winding course of the track, the condition of the atmosphere, the direction and force of the wind, the shutting off of steam, the proximity of the listener to the line of the rails, the prevalence of other sounds, the acuteness of the observer's hearing, the depression or elevation of the track, the vicinity of valleys, woods and hills, the hour of the day or night, the comparative silence of the country, or the hum and bustle of city life, and the vicinity of steamboats, factories and public works. Mere speculation on the general question, without reference to these and other like conditions, is plainly idle and illusory. It is proved, as matter of fact, that though such a number of witnesses were present on this occasion, each under more favorable circumstances for hearing it than the testator, the practiced ear of the ferryman, who listened daily for the approach of the trains, did not catch the sound until the engine was within three hundred feet; Taylor, Traver, Ten Eyck, Hunter and Van *Page 35 Denburgh did not hear it at all, until just as it rushed down over the crossing; the horses of Ernst did not hear it until they were close upon the track; and at the ice house, Brown did not hear it until his wagon was upon the rails, and the engine within less than a hundred feet of him.
It was because the approach of a railway train is stealthy and imperceptible, and because the sound is not readily distinguishable from others associated with no danger, that, to secure the traveler at once against needless apprehension and needless exposure, a statutory mandate was given to every such company in this State, to approach no public highway crossing with an engine, without public and distinctive signals of danger for a distance of eighty rods before passing such crossing.
The duty is plain and absolute. The company which violates it does so at its peril. If its agents are faithless, it should dismiss them. If its officers choose to disobey a law for the protection of human life, or to tolerate its violation by their subordinate agents, the remedy is in the hands of the stockholders, by selecting those who will respect our public statutes. When the illegal act results in the death of a citizen, the company must respond, unless he has been guilty of a breach of duty which contributed to his destruction. He is not guilty of such breach of duty when he assumes, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, that the company obeys the law, and that no engine is advancing to the crossing, within a distance of eighty rods, without public signals of its approach. If he is deceived by the unlawful omission of the signals, the wrong is not his, but theirs. The illegal act of the company does not, however, justify him in encountering the risk of crossing, if he sees or hears the approach of the engine, or is otherwise notified of its presence in season to avoid the peril. In that case he is guilty of culpable negligence, and the company is relieved from the responsibility of causing his death. But it is no defense to the wrong-doer that though the victim did not see or hear the engine and was not notified of its approach in time to avoid the collision, he might have seen *Page 36 or heard it, if he had exercised a higher degree of vigilance, and had foreseen a violation of the law, instead of relying upon its observance. Such a theory has received countenance in a few instances in the opinions of individual judges. It has support in the dictum of the accomplished and able jurist who delivered the prevailing opinion in this cause on a former occasion. This question, however, was not then passed upon by the court, nor was it involved in the decision. On the proof as then presented, the question was, whether one was culpably negligent, who rode nearly a hundred and fifty feet in full view of an approaching train, who knew it to be due, and who persisted in driving against it, though notified by four persons of its presence in season to avoid the danger.
The usual argument in favor of the theory in question is, that trains are constantly passing and repassing at every railway crossing. Certainly, we are not admonished of this by the constant ringing of bells; and every man of ordinary observation knows the fact to be otherwise. If ten regular trains a day run over a given highway, they render the crossing unsafe when they pass, and only then. It is free from danger except, at most, for twenty minutes, in the aggregate, of each twenty-four hours; and the traveler is safe against exposure at those momentary intervals, if the company obeys the law and rings the bell. If it will not do that, it has no cause of complaint against the wayfarer whom it voluntarily misleads. In such a case, the language of Chief Justice BEARDSLEY is appropriate: "A man is under no obligation to be cautious and circumspect toward a wrong-doer." (Tonawanda R.R. Co. v. Munger, 5 Denio, 266.)
It is not true that a traveler on a public thoroughfare is guilty of culpable negligence, as matter of law, if he does not stop to listen, or look up and down the track before he goes over a crossing. The proposition is in direct conflict with repeated adjudications in this and in other courts. Whether such an omission is culpable, depends upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case.
There is a class of cases, in which the proof of the plaintiff's *Page 37 negligence is clear and undisputed; and whenever this appears a nonsuit is matter of legal right. A party who sees or hears an approaching engine, and chooses to take the risk of crossing before it, rather than await its passage, forfeits all claim to redress; and, under such circumstances, it is not only the right but the duty of the courts to apply the familiar rule — volentinon fit injuria. But there is another class of cases, in which it is equally well settled that we have no authority to impute negligence to the deceased, for an omission which may fairly be attributed to the very wrong resulting in his death.
In the case of Brown v. The New York Central R.R. Co., decided at the last June Term, we held that no culpable negligence was established, though it was proved by the driver of the coach demolished by the collision, that he did not look inthe direction from which the cars were approaching until hishorses were on the track, the usual signal of danger not being given as they advanced to the crossing; and this, though it appeared in evidence that, if he had looked before, he would have seen them in season to avoid the collision. (32 N.Y., 597.)
The doctrine of that case was unanimously reaffirmed upon a like state of facts, at the last December Term of this court. (Stillwell v. New York Central R.R. Co.)
In the earlier case of Megrath v. The Hudson River R.R.Co., the same rule was clearly announced. "It is not always negligence," said the court, "to cross a railroad track at times when a train is not due, or cannot reasonably be expected to pass; nor to cross a railroad track without looking for atrain, when no signal of its approach is given by the ringing of a bell or otherwise." (32 Barb., 147.) So, also, in the case ofWarren v. The Fitchburgh R.R. Co., it was held by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, a State in which no undue rigor of intendment is supposed to prevail on this subject, that crossing a railroad track, without looking to see if a train is coming, is not conclusive proof of want of care. (8 Allen, 227.)
In the case of Fero v. The Buffalo State Line R.R. Co., *Page 38 it was claimed that the plaintiff could not recover for the injury, as it was apparent that he could readily have averted it by the exercise of greater care; but this court held that, "if he was guilty of no culpable negligence, the mere fact that he might have been more vigilant will not excuse the wrongful act of the defendants, nor deprive the plaintiff of redress for the injury he has suffered." (22 N.Y., 213.)
The question whether the plaintiff was free from negligence, in ordinary cases of this description, is one of fact to be determined by the jury, under appropriate instructions, and subject to the revisory power of the courts. Occasional instances occur, where the proof of misconduct is so clear and decisive that the judges are bound to pass on the question of negligence as matter of law. It is a mistake, however, to suppose that the decisions made, from time to time, in these two classes of cases, conflict with each other, or involve any departure from the settled rules of law. Where the question arises on a state of facts, on which fair-minded men may rationally arrive at opposite conclusions, the issue is properly submitted to the jury. Where, as sometimes happens in exceptional cases, the injury is traceable to clear and unquestionable misconduct on the part of the plaintiff, it is the plain duty of the court to apply the law to the facts without the intervention of the jury. In the present case, there is a renewal of the attempt so often made, to extend the exceptional rule to all classes of cases. It is our province to uphold the law, and not to alter it. We believe it to be wise and just; but, if we deemed it otherwise, we have no authority to subvert it. We should be restrained from making the innovation proposed, not only by our own repeated adjudications, but by that time-honored and elementary maxim on which our system of jurisprudence is founded: Ad questionem facti non respondentjudices — ad questionem legis non respondent juratores.
The views of this court as to the right of the party claiming redress, to have the question whether he was free from negligence determined, ordinarily, by the jury, have been repeatedly expressed with great clearness and emphasis. *Page 39
In the case of Ireland v. The Oswego Railroad Company, Judge JOHNSON said: "The fact of negligence is very seldom established by such direct and positive evidence, that it can be taken from the consideration of the jury and pronounced upon as matter of law. On the contrary, it is almost always to be deduced as an inference of fact, from several facts and circumstances disclosed by the testimony, after their connection and relation to the matter in issue have been traced, and their force and weight considered. In such cases, the inference cannot be made without the intervention of a jury, although all the witnesses agree in their statements, or there be but one statement which is consistent throughout. Presumptions of fact, from their very nature, are not strictly objects of legal science, like presumptions of law. That the care exercised by the plaintiff at the time of the injury, and the negligence of the defendant, were both questions for the jury to determine, cannot admit of any doubt." (3 Kern., 533.)
In the case of Keller v. The New York Central RailroadCompany, Judge MASON delivered the opinion of the court, and after citing the foregoing exposition of the rule, he proceeded to say:
"What constitutes negligence in such cases, is determined by an inference of the mind from the facts and circumstances of the case; and, as minds are differently constituted, the inference from a given state of facts and circumstances will not always be the same. I admit that the facts may be so clear and decided, that this inference of negligence is irresistible, and in every such case it is the duty of the judge to decide; but when the facts, or the inference to be drawn from them, are in any degree doubtful, the only proper rule is, to submit the whole matter to the jury under proper instruction." (26 How., 177.)
Similar views were expressed by Judge DENIO in the case ofHagan v. The Eighth Avenue Railroad Company, and by Judge SELDEN in that of Bernhardt v. The Rensselaer and SaratogaRailroad Company. It was said by the latter, with the precision and perspicuity which mark all his judicial *Page 40 opinions, that, "although, as a general rule, questions of negligence belong exclusively to the jury, cases may no doubt arise in which the proof of negligence would be so clear and irresistible, that the court would be justified in assuming, without submitting the question to the jury, that negligence was established. At the same time, it is obvious, considering the nature of the question, that such instances must be rare. If there is any conflict in the evidence going to establish any of the circumstances upon which the question depends, it must be left to the jury. If there are inferences to be drawn from the proof which are not certain and incontrovertible, they are for the jury. If it is necessary to determine, as in most cases it is, what a man of ordinary care and prudence would be likely todo under the circumstances proved, this, involving, as it generally must, more or less of conjecture, can only be settled by a jury." (23 How., 168.)
The struggle of defendants to inaugurate a different rule, and to induce the courts to resort to artificial refinements for the protection of wrong-doers, is, perhaps, excusable in those who are impatient of legislative restraint. There is an unfortunate and growing tendency to regard human life as of secondary importance, in comparison with the objects of commercial and corporate enterprise. The aid of the courts is invoked to annul by indirection the force of general laws. Suits and appeals multiply in the constantly increasing ratio of reckless injuries, which nothing could tend more to encourage than this theory of immunity from civil damages, on the assumption, as matter of law, that a party, over whom an engine is driven, is culpable for not keeping out of the way, and that the question, whether he was really guilty of negligence, is not one of fact for a jury.
If it be true, as is sometimes intimated, even from the bench, that false verdicts are occasionally rendered on questions like this, the remedy is to set them aside, and not to usurp the prerogative of the jury. Even among the cases which have been held so plain as to justify a nonsuit, there have been few in which the judges have not themselves disagreed; *Page 41 and the inquiry naturally occurs to the mind, whether we are less liable than jurors to err, on questions of pure fact, pertaining to the ordinary affairs of life. Our law is framed upon the theory that, on such questions, the citizen can rely with more security on the concurrent judgment of twelve jurors than on the majority vote of a divided bench. Unanimity is not required in our decisions on questions of law. It is otherwise with jurors charged with the duty of determining issues of fact; and such issues should not be withheld from the usual arbiters, unless the evidence leads so clearly to one result that there is no room for honest difference between intelligent and upright men. A nonsuit should always be granted where the proof is so clear as to warrant the assumption, in good faith, that, if the question were submitted to the jury, they would find that the culpable negligence of the plaintiff contributed to the injury. But we have had occasion, recently, to hear nonsuits of this kind justified on the novel ground, that unless the fact be determined in one way by the judge, it will be sure to be determined the other by the jury. The correctness of judicial opinions on mere questions of fact may well be distrusted, when we find them confessedly opposed to the common sense of mankind.
The judgment should be reversed, and a new trial ordered.