This is an appeal by Ellen Jane Ross (hereinafter referred to as plaintiff or appellant), known as Jane Froman, from a nonunanimous order of the Appellate Division, First Department, affirming without opinion an order of Special Term (BOTEIN, J.) which granted defendant's motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint as to the first cause of action "with leave to the plaintiffs to amend the complaint by reducing the amount of the damages demanded in the first cause of action" to $8,291.87. The Appellate Division granted leave to appeal and certified the following four questions: *Page 100
"1. Upon the record here, should the defendant's motion for summary judgment be granted and the first cause of action dismissed?
"2. Upon the record here, has the plaintiff shown sufficient evidence to create a triable issue of fact?
"3. Was Mr. Abraham of the U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc. an agent of the plaintiff-appellant, authorized to receive a ticket on her behalf, for international transportation under the Warsaw Convention?
"4. Was the plaintiff-appellant's transportation, alleged in this action, performed by the United States government, within the meaning of the Warsaw Convention, so as to exclude such transportation from the application of the limitation provision of the Warsaw Convention?"
The complaint alleged four causes of action. Briefly, the first cause of action alleged that appellant while riding as a passenger in one of defendant's seaplanes known as the YankeeClipper suffered severe bodily injuries when the plane crashed near Lisbon, Portugal, on February 22, 1943, and that the accident was caused by the negligence of defendant. Defendant's motion for summary judgment was addressed solely to the first cause of action in which appellant alleged damages to the extent of $1,000,000.
The third cause of action alleged that the accident was due to the "wilful misconduct" of defendant. The second and fourth causes of action sought recovery for loss of baggage in the sum of $10,000 and for medical expenses and for loss of society to the extent of $100,000.
In its answer the defendant pleaded five affirmative defenses, the first two of which are based on the international treaty commonly known as the "Warsaw Convention" which was concluded at Warsaw, Poland, on October 12, 1929, and to which the United States became a party with reservation by Proclamation of the President, dated October 29, 1934, as advised by the Senate of the United States. (49 U.S. Stat., part 2, p. 3000 et seq.)
In its first defense defendant alleged that at the time appellant was injured "she was being transported under a contract of transportation wherein the place of departure and the place of destination were within the United States and there were *Page 101 agreed stopping places at Lisbon, Portugal, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Natal, Brazil; that said transportation was international transportation within and subject to the * * * Warsaw Convention * * *", and therefore defendant's liability, if any, was limited by the terms thereof to 125,000 francs or its equivalent, $8,291.87.
In the second defense defendant alleged that appellant and defendant entered into a contract of transportation "evidenced by a ticket in writing" which contained certain terms and conditions of the Warsaw Convention. As in the first defense, defendant alleged that the rights of the parties were governed by the rules relating to liability established by the Warsaw Convention; that the defendant duly complied with all the conditions and requirements thereof; that the defendant took all the necessary measures to avoid the damages claimed by plaintiff and that defendant claimed exemption from, and limitation of, liability in accordance with the rules of the Warsaw Convention.
The remaining defenses were not referred to on defendant's motion for summary judgment and are not material here.
Defendant moved for an order under rules 113 and 114 of the Rules of Civil Practice granting summary judgment dismissing plaintiffs' first cause of action. The defendant submitted two affidavits in support of the motion. One, by its attorney, contained a discussion of the provisions of the Warsaw Convention and the law. The other was made by Robert Waters, a "Traffic Representative in the New York District Sales Office" of the defendant. He alleged that on February 15, 1943, he was instructed to prepare reservation sheets for a number of passengers who were scheduled to depart from New York on a round-trip flight to the United Kingdom for the purpose of entertaining soldiers in the European area, under the management of U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc., and that appellant was among the passengers. He prepared the reservation sheets and sent them to the ticket department for preparation of the tickets. The tickets were delivered to Mr. Saul Abraham of U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc. The auditor's stub was detached from the ticket issued in the name of appellant and retained by defendant. The remainder of the ticket was delivered to Mr. Abraham and was presumably lost at the time of the accident. Attached to the affidavit is a facsimile of the portion of the *Page 102 ticket delivered to Mr. Abraham. Also annexed to the affidavit is a photostatic copy of the flight coupon portion of the ticket covering the leg of the flight from New York to Bermuda which it is alleged would have been surrendered by the passenger upon embarkation at New York. The affidavit explains the abbreviations on the facsimile ticket and recites the amount of the fare. That was the extent of defendant's proof. There was no allegation that defendant received any instructions to prepare the tickets from appellant or that the ticket was delivered to her personally.
Appellant submitted three affidavits in opposition to the motion. One was executed by her attorney and contained a discussion of the terms of the Warsaw Convention and of the law. The second was her own affidavit and alleged that during the last war and on or about February 15, 1943, she was engaged in endeavoring to entertain soldiers in the war areas, "by arrangement with the USO Camp Shows Inc." which she believed had an arrangement with the United States Government to supply such entertainment for the armed forces in the various war areas. It is to be noted that she did not allege that she was employed by either the War Department or U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc., and that the defendant does not allege it either. She further stated: "I received no advance information from either the Government or USO Camp Shows Inc. as to when and where I was to go and by what mode of transportation." On February 19, 1943, she was instructed by Mr. Abraham of U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc., to prepare her baggage and shortly thereafter he picked her up and brought her to La Guardia Airport. It was not until after she had boarded the airplane that she had any information as to her destination. She said that "Mr. Abraham was in charge of all arrangements up to the point of embarkation." She received no passage ticket andwas not informed by anyone that a ticket had been purchased inher name. She did not authorize Mr. Abraham or anyone else toaccept a passage ticket for her. She did not pay for the passage and she believed "that the Government of the United States, through the Special Service Division of the War Department" arranged for her passage. She suffered permanent injuries which prevented her from walking and from engaging in her profession with a consequent loss of earnings and *Page 103 medical expenses up to that time in excess of $200,000, and that she was informed and believed that she had a good and meritorious cause of action far in excess of the amount of limited liability provided in the Warsaw Convention.
Appellant also submitted an affidavit by Mr. Abraham, an employee of U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc., who stated that he was in charge of arranging transportation for theatrical performers who were to be sent overseas. When he learned the names and addresses of the performers who were to go overseas on this flight of theYankee Clipper he had them fill out and sign a "`personnel security questionnaire'", a copy of which he sent to the Special Service Division of the War Department in Washington. Thereafter, the performers were fingerprinted and applications for passports and visas filled out. His affidavit then stated, "USO-Camp Shows, Inc. never made any arrangements for the actual transportationof the performers. The arrangements were made by the WarDepartment and, in this instance, I was notified a few days prior to the date of departure that the War Department had made arrangements for the performers to leave New York on a Pan-American Airways' clipper and was told to pick up the tickets at the Airlines Building at 80 E. 42nd Street, New York City. I, personally, attended to the matter of picking up the tickets." (Emphasis supplied.) For the purposes of this motion those statements must be taken as true. Moreover, those statements are confirmed by the admission in defendant's own bill of particulars which alleged: "On information and belief, the persons who acted on plaintiff's behalf were a Mr. Abrams [Abraham], of USO Camp Shows, Inc., and a Captain Malone of the War Department." The date and time of departure was a military secret, and he was finally instructed to assemble the performers and have them available for immediate departure. He personally brought the group to La Guardia Airport at which time he still had the tickets in his possession which he had picked up at the Airlines Building and which he had not shown to any of the performers. At the airport he showed the tickets and passports to the customs inspector who ushered the group into a large rotunda where there were several of defendant's clerks behind a number of desks. He said, "I lined up all the performers in front of these desks and placed in front of each his or her passport and ticket. The clerks tore the `New *Page 104 York-Lisbon' stub from each ticket and passed tickets and passports along to the desks at which were seated various customs inspectors as the performers likewise moved passed [sic] these desks. I was standing at the end of the line of desks and after the inspectors checked the tickets and passports, they handedthem to me." (Emphasis supplied.) Defendant does not allege and Special Term did not find that that was personal delivery to appellant. Reliance is solely on implied agency in Abraham to receive for appellant a ticket for internationaltransportation.
When the party entered the gate to board the plane he gave each of the performers his or her passport and "a slip of paper which had been inserted therein at the time they were inspected by the Customs Officials, which slip of paper entitled the performer to board the plane." He instructed the performers to give their passports to Mr. Rognan, who had been selected as manager of the company, and he personally handed Mr. Rognan all of the tickets. That was the last he saw of them.
Special Term dismissed defendant's original motion with the following memorandum: "This is a motion pursuant to rules 113 and 114 of the Rules of Civil Practice for summary judgment dismissing the first cause of action. It is clear from themoving papers that even if the defendant's contentions arecorrect plaintiff may be entitled to recover up to $8,291.87. The cause of action may not be dismissed pursuant to rule 113 of the Rules of Civil Practice merely because it seeks an excessive amount of damages. Nor may defendant obtain relief under rule 114 of the Rules of Civil Practice. * * * The claim asserted in the cause of action sought to be dismissed is a single and entire one and does not consist of one or more of several causes. It is to be noted that defendant does not concede that plaintiff isentitled to judgment in the sum of $8,291.87 and does not movefor judgment in favor of the plaintiff in that sum, as did the defendant in Garcia v. Pan American Airways, Inc. (N.Y.L.J., April 26, 1947, p. 1644, col. 3). Motion denied." (Emphasis supplied.) (190 Misc. 974-975.)
Defendant then made a motion for reargument and submitted an affidavit of its attorney in which it conceded liability to the extent of $8,291.87 for the purpose of the motion. The affidavit stated, "In view of this concession, it is submitted that the said plaintiff, with respect to the first cause of action *Page 105 alleged in the complaint, has failed to show any facts which might be deemed `to present any triable issue of fact other than the question of the amount of damages for which judgment should be granted' * * *." Thus the parties presented to Special Term the question whether it might be said that the Warsaw Convention was applicable here as a matter of law so that only $8,291.87 was recoverable or whether there were triable issues of fact as to its applicability.
Special Term granted the motion for reargument and thereupon granted defendant's original motion to dismiss the first cause of action "with leave to the plaintiffs to amend the complaint by reducing the amount of the damages demanded in the first cause of action" to $8,291.87. It handed down an opinion in which it was said:
"On this motion by defendant for reargument plaintiffs state in their brief that they do not `urge the technical ground in opposition to the motion for summary judgment that summary judgment does not lie or that Rule 113 of the Rules of Civil Practice does not apply to the instant case.' Since plaintiffs as well as defendant desire a determination of the merits, the court will decide the original motion without regard to procedural obstacles.
"The question presented is whether the Warsaw Convention requires a holding that the defendant's liability cannot exceed the sum of $8,291.87. Defendant relies upon the case of Garcia v. Pan American Airways, Inc. (183 Misc. 258, affd. 269 App. Div. 287, affd. 295 N.Y. 852, certiorari denied 329 U.S. 741). Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish the cited case on two grounds, (1) that the defendant did not deliver a passenger ticket as required by article 3 of the Warsaw Convention, and (2) that the plaintiffs have alleged that the defendant was guilty of willful misconduct and therefore, by virtue of the provisions of article 25 of the Convention, defendant is not entitled to avail itself of the provisions of the Convention which exclude or limit liability.
"The second ground may be disposed of briefly. The motion seeks dismissal only of the first cause of action. That cause is predicated solely upon the alleged negligence of the defendant and contains no averment charging willful misconduct on the part of defendant. It is the third cause of action, not affected *Page 106 by the present motion, which alleges that the accident occurred as the result of willful misconduct by the defendant.
"The claim that the defendant did not make delivery of a ticket within the meaning of article 3 of the Warsaw Convention also appears to be without merit. The Convention does not require that physical delivery be made to the passenger in person. The moving affidavit of defendant's traffic representative states that the ticket issued in the name of the female plaintiff was delivered to a Mr. Abraham of U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc. The plaintiff was one of a group of entertainers scheduled to make the flight for the purpose of entertaining soldiers in the European area under the management of U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc. The affidavit of the female plaintiff admits that `Mr. Abraham was in charge of all arrangements up to the point of embarkation'. Abraham's affidavit also concedes that he was in charge of arranging transportation for the group, which included the female plaintiff. It seems clear that even if Abraham had no express authority to receive a ticket on behalf of the female plaintiff he had impliedauthority to do so and that the delivery of the ticket to him isbinding upon said plaintiff. * * *" (Emphasis supplied.) (190 Misc. 975-976.)
Thus the two primary questions presented to Special Term and the Appellate Division and certified to us as questions 2 and 3 were whether the plaintiff had shown sufficient evidence to create a triable issue of fact and whether Mr. Abraham was an agent of appellant authorized to receive a ticket on her behalf for "international transportation" under the Warsaw Convention as a matter of law.
Article 3 of the Warsaw Convention referred to by Special Term provides in part as follows:
"(1) For the transportation of passengers the carrier must deliver a passenger ticket which shall contain the following particulars:
"(a) The place and date of issue;
"(b) The place of departure and of destination;
"(c) The agreed stopping places, provided that the carrier may reserve the right to alter the stopping places in case of necessity, and that if he exercises that right, the alteration shall not have the effect of depriving the transportation of its international character; *Page 107
"(d) The name and address of the carrier or carriers;
"(e) A statement that the transportation is subject to therules relating to liability established by this convention.
"(2) The absence, irregularity, or loss of the passenger ticket shall not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of transportation, which shall none the less be subject to the rules of this convention. Nevertheless, if the carrier accepts apassenger without a passenger ticket having been delivered heshall not be entitled to avail himself of those provisions ofthis convention which exclude or limit his liability." (Emphasis supplied.)
In our judgment Special Term erred in granting plaintiff's motion for summary judgment dismissing the first cause of action because appellant has clearly shown sufficient evidence to create a triable issue of fact. Accordingly question number 1 should be answered in the negative and question number 2 in the affirmative. We cannot say as a matter of law on this record that plaintiff authorized the War Department or U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc., to contract on her behalf for "international transportation" within the meaning of the Convention, nor that Mr. Abraham of the U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc., was authorized to accept delivery on her behalf of a ticket for such international transportation. Thus question number 3 must be answered in the negative.
It is important to note that the War Department could have purchased transportation for appellant on defendant's airplane under at least three different arrangements in which the Warsaw Covention in its entirety, or its provisions limiting the defendant's liability, would not have been operative.
First, the Warsaw Convention provides in article 1, paragraphs (1) and (2) in part, as follows:
"(1) This convention shall apply to all internationaltransportation of persons, baggage, or goods performed by aircraft for hire. * * *
"(2) For the purposes of this convention the expression `international transportation' shall mean any transportation in which, according to the contract made by the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination, whether or not there be a break in the transportation or a transshipment, are situated either within the territories of two High Contracting Parties, or within the territory of a single High Contracting *Page 108 Party, if there is an agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of another power, even though that power is not a party to this convention. Transportation without such an agreed stoppingplace between territories subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate, or authority of the same High Contracting Party shall not be deemed to be international for the purposes of this convention." (Emphasis supplied.)
Thus the Convention provides that it applies to "international transportation" when "according to the contract made by the parties" the transportation is to be performed between certain places of departure and certain places of destination. If the passenger does not contract to travel between such places so defined the Convention does not apply. It would not apply for example to the passage of a person making a one-way trip to Portugal, a country not a party to the Convention. That was one of the issues in the Garcia case (supra), and we so held. (See 269 App. Div. 287, 290-291, affd. 295 N.Y. 852, certiorari denied 329 U.S. 741).
Secondly, paragraph (1) of article 2 of the Convention provides: "This convention shall apply to transportation performed by the state or by legal entities constituted under public law provided it falls within the conditions laid down in article 1."
However, in the Proclamation of the President, dated October 29, 1934, the adherence of the United States was stated to be subject to the following reservation: (49 U.S. Stat., part 2, p. 3013) "* * * that the first paragraph of Article 2 of the convention shall not apply to international transportation that may be performed by the United States of America * * *." The Convention is not applicable, therefore, to transportation "performed" by the United States Government.
Thirdly, paragraph (1) of article 22 which limits the liability of the carrier for each passenger to the sum of 125,000 francs provides: "Nevertheless, by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability."
In accordance with that provision it was possible for the War Department to have entered into a "special contract" on behalf of plaintiff subjecting defendant to a higher limit of liability than 125,000 francs or its equivalent. *Page 109
In order for defendant to prevail on this motion it was required to show as a matter of law that appellant authorized someone to enter into a contract in her name for "international transportation" within the meaning of the Warsaw Convention and that she authorized someone to accept delivery of a ticket for her for such transportation. While her papers indicate that she "was engaged in endeavoring to entertain soldiers in the war areas, by arrangement with the USO Camp Shows, Inc."; that she believed "the Government of the United States, through the Special Service Division of the War Department arranged" for her transportation; that Mr. Abraham was entrusted by the U.S.O. Camp Shows, Inc., with the duty of picking up her baggage, processing her passport application and accompanying her to the airport, it cannot be said as a matter of law that she authorized or consented to "international transportation" within the meaning of the Warsaw Convention with limited liability. Neither do the events at the airport compel that conclusion. Although the ticket with her passport was placed in front of her on a desk at the airport, the defendant has not alleged delivery to her personally and Special Term found no such personal delivery. It could not, for there was no attempt at proof that she even saw the ticket. The finding was that Mr. Abraham had implied authority on behalf of plaintiff to accept for her a ticket for "international transportation" as a matter of law. That was clearly a question of fact.
Nor can there be any question of ratification on this record either as a matter of fact or of law. Her entry into the plane did not constitute ratification by her as a matter of law of what had been done by the War Department or Mr. Abraham. The fact that she boarded the plane did not necessarily indicate "international transportation" under the Warsaw Convention as we have seen. Planes go from La Guardia Airport to all parts of the United States as well as to Europe. She says she had "no advance information from either the Government or USO Camp Shows, Inc. as to when and where I was to go and by what mode of transportation." On this motion that must be accepted as true. Ratification occurs only when the person claimed to have ratified a contract made by or an act done by another has full knowledge of all the material facts as to the contract entered into or of the act performed. (Smith v. Kidd, 68 N.Y. 130, 142.) *Page 110 Moreover, ratification was not pleaded, was not alleged in the affidavits, was not urged in the briefs and was not found by Special Term.
Appellant could have reasonably assumed that her passage was being arranged under any of the three situations which we have mentioned above. "International transportation" under the Warsaw Convention with limited liability was not the only possible arrangement under which she could have been a passenger on defendant's airplane. She may be able to prove that she was acting under a reasonable assumption that she was only going to a place to which the Convention did not apply. She may well have assumed that she was about to fly to a place within the United States, e.g., to San Francisco to board another plane or a boat for the Pacific theatre of war. She may have assumed that it was transportation which was not covered by the Warsaw Convention because she had not agreed upon the "agreed stopping place" provided for in paragraph (2) of article 1 of the Convention, quoted (supra, pp. 107, 108) and since she had not so agreed, the Convention expressly excluded her transportation from the Convention.
Since the War Department was arranging her transportation towar areas, she may have reasonably assumed and may be able to prove that the Government was "performing" the transportation in such a manner that the Convention was inoperative. Defendant's proof is certainly not conclusive that appellant knew or should have known that the War Department had purchased a passenger ticket for her for "international transportation" on a privately operated commercial airline. The arrangement between the Government and the defendant may well have been such that the Government was "performing" the transportation within the meaning of the reservation to the Convention. That is for the trial. In fact appellant argues with some force that the instant transportation was "performed" by the United States Government. We need not now decide that question, which is the fourth question certified by the Appellate Division, in view of our conclusion that the order below should be reversed because a triable issue of fact exists with reference to question number 3.
Another reasonable assumption on appellant's part may have been that the War Department would enter into a "special *Page 111 contract" with defendant for liability in excess of the Convention limits for appellant's protection.
Thus we cannot say that the only inference which may be drawn from this record is that the War Department had implied authority to limit appellant's recovery by contracting for "international transportation" within the meaning of the Convention, or that Mr. Abraham had implied authority to accept such a ticket. Appellant is entitled to every favorable inference which may reasonably be drawn from the papers and in our judgment it is a fair inference which may be drawn that she did not consent to participate in "international transportation" under the Warsaw Convention with its limitations on the carrier's liability. That is clearly a question of fact.
Appellant should have an opportunity to prove that she expected the United States Government to "perform" the transportation, or that either a "special contract" or adequate insurance by defendant was to be arranged for her benefit. That is particularly so since she was not permitted to know her destination or method of transportation and thus could not herself obtain the insurance available to every passenger at railroad stations and airports and sold by the same clerks who sell transportation tickets, or at least that if "international transportation" with limited liability under the Warsaw Convention were arranged that she would be informed so that she might protect herself by purchasing insurance.
The Convention requires (1) that the ticket contain certain express particulars including "A statement that the transportation is subject to the rules relating to liability established by this convention" (art. 3, par. [1], cl. [e]) and (2) that unless the carrier deliver a ticket, it may not avail itself of the provisions of the Convention limiting its liability. The purpose of those requirements, of course, is to bring to the attention of the passenger that the carrier's liability is limited. When the Convention was concluded in 1929, only two years after Lindbergh's historic flight, international air travel was in its infancy. We were living in a different world and airlines were no doubt thought to need assistance in developing international air travel. There can be little doubt, however, that the framers of the Convention included the requirements mentioned in view of what my brother DESMOND has termed the "drastic restrictions" of the *Page 112 Convention. They were drastic even in 1929. Injury or death from negligence of the carrier was fixed at 125,000 "French francs consisting of 65 1/2 milligrams of gold at the standard of fineness of nine hundred thousandths" (art. 22, par. [4]), or $8,291.87. Since then our dollar has been devaluated 40% so that the total amount recoverable for injury or death due to negligence is less in 1929 dollar value than $5,000. In our opinion the aims and intendments of the Warsaw Convention and the protection of our own residents are best served by refusing summary judgment drastically limiting liability except upon proof that "international transportation" was contracted for by the passenger or her duly authorized agent and that a ticket was delivered, with the particulars required by the Warsaw Convention printed thereon to the passenger or his or her duly authorized agent. The airlines have been given the utmost consideration as against the passengers they are paid to transport. At least they should be held sharply to the doing of the few acts which are required by the Warsaw Convention in return for the consideration granted them.
The rule recited in Reichman v. Compagnie GeneraleTransatlantique (290 N.Y. 344, and cases cited at p. 351) that "`the act of acceptance'" to the ticket "`gives rise to an implication of assent'" to the terms contained therein has no application here. That rule presupposes delivery or acceptance of the ticket. Here the issue is not the failure of appellant to read the ticket, but the failure of defendant to deliver it to her or her agent.
The order should be reversed and questions number 1 and 3 answered in the negative, question number 2 answered in the affirmative and question number 4 not answered.
LOUGHRAN, Ch. J., DYE, FULD and BROMLEY, JJ., concur with DESMOND, J.; CONWAY, J., dissents in opinion in which LEWIS, J., concurs.
Order affirmed, etc. *Page 113