This action was brought to recover penalties to the amount of $1,168,315 for alleged violations of the Forest, Fish and Game Law in that during the close season of 1901 the defendants had in their possession 7,560 grouse; 4,835 quail; 1,776 ducks; 8,848 plover; 7,108 snipe; 8,328 *Page 5 snow buntings; 1,008 reed birds; 7,607 sand pipers; 788 yellow legs and 96 woodcock.
Six out of the nineteen counts of the complaint were disposed of by demurrer, which reduced the amount involved to about $325,000 (40 Misc. Rep. 27; 72 App. Div. 619; 173 N.Y. 622); and this sum was reduced by concession to about $9,960. The facts as settled by stipulation are as follows: Between May 22nd and June 2d 1901, the defendants, as co-partners, had in their possession at the city and county of New York one hundred grouse, one hundred quail, ninety-six woodcock and one hundred ducks, "being of the same grouse, quail, woodcock and ducks mentioned and described in the first thirteen counts of the complaint." Said game birds were not killed in the state of New York but in other states of the Union, where they were purchased by the defendants. They were brought into this state in the month of November, 1900, when it was lawful to possess them here and the defendants kept them on storage in the state of New York until the commencement of this action. After their purchase by the defendants outside of the state, they "were exported from states in which they were purchased to and received by them in this state by means of transportation agencies engaged in interstate commerce and in the original packages in which they were packed by the shippers thereof." It was further stipulated that they were of the fair market value of $5,000 and that the action was duly brought on the order of the chief game protector of this state.
Upon the trial said stipulation was read in evidence and both sides rested, whereupon the trial judge dismissed the complaint and the plaintiff excepted. The Appellate Division, by a divided vote, affirmed the judgment entered accordingly and the plaintiff appealed to this court.
The Forest, Fish and Game Law, as in force when it is alleged that the penalties in question were incurred, became a law on the 19th of February, 1900. (L. 1900, ch. 20, General Laws, ch. 31.) It is to some extent a revision but chiefly a re-enactment of the Game Law of 1892 and the Fisheries, *Page 6 Game and Forest Law of 1895, as amended at various times. (L. 1892, ch. 488; L. 1895, ch. 395.) So far as the questions presented by this appeal are concerned, it is the same in substance as the acts considered by the court in People v.Buffalo Fish Company (164 N.Y. 93), where it was held that the Fisheries, Game and Forest Law, as amended, applied only to such fish as were taken from the waters of this state, and not to those imported from a foreign country. This conclusion was based upon the ground that the legislature did not intend by the general language used in a statute so highly penal in character to include fish caught outside of the state. While three judges dissented from that conclusion and three others who sit in this case but did not sit in that, might also have reached a different conclusion had the subject been before them for judicial action, we all feel bound by the rule of stare decisis to recognize that decision as settling the meaning of the act then under consideration so far as it was involved in the question at that time before the court. As the language used in that act in relation to fish does not differ in substance from the language used in the act now before us in relation to game, we are required by the same rule to hold that the legislature in enacting the Forest, Fish and Game Law, as it stood when the defendants are alleged to have violated it, did not intend to make penal and criminal the possession, in this state during the close season, of game killed without the state and brought here during the open season.
It is claimed, however, that the passage by Congress of a statute known as the "Lacy Act," removed an obstacle which had previously prevented the application of our game laws to the possession of imported game, and that the operation and effect thereof were expanded accordingly. That act provides in substance that foreign game when transported into any state shall be subject to the laws of that state, enacted in the exercise of its police powers, to the same extent as if such game had been produced in such state, and shall not be exempt therefrom by reason of importation in original packages. (31 U.S. Stat. at Large, ch. 553.) It became a law by the approval of the *Page 7 president on the 25th of May, 1900, nearly three months after the passage of the Forest, Fish and Game Law. If the Federal statute had been passed first it would not be unreasonable to believe that the legislature intended to so expand the meaning of our game laws as to forbid the possession of imported game during the close season. It was not passed, however, until after the enactment of the state law, and hence can have no effect upon its meaning as declared by this court in the Buffalo Fish Co. case. The defendants had a right to act on that decision as a correct interpretation of the statute and to purchase and possess the game in question at the time and in the manner admitted by the stipulation. A statute which not only imposes heavy penalties but also makes a violation thereof a misdemeanor should not receive a forced construction but should be construed strictly as required by the general rule governing the subject.
While the legislature did not act in time to affect this action, it has since removed all doubt as to its present intention and has thrown some light on its previous intention, by so amending the Forest, Fish and Game Law as to provide that "wherever in this act the possession of fish or game, or the flesh of any animal, bird or fish, is prohibited, reference is had equally to such fish, game or flesh coming from without the state as to that taken within the state." (L. 1902, ch. 194.) That amendment when read in connection with the Lacy Act and the decisions of the Federal courts, removes from the region of discussion the questions considered in the Buffalo Fish Co. case in relation to the application of the Forest, Fish and Game Law to imported game, which was decided, and the effect of the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution, which, although discussed, was not decided. (Matter of Rahrer, 140 U.S. 545;Vance v. Vandercook Co., 170 U.S. 438.)
It was held by a majority of the learned justices of the Appellate Division that the legislature has no power to make the possession of imported game unlawful, as it would violate the provisions of our State Constitution relating to the protection *Page 8 of property. We do not assent to this proposition. For time out of mind and in all jurisdictions, laws passed for the protection of fish and game have been regarded as sanctioned by the police power which belongs to every sovereign state. The game and the fish within the boundaries of the state belong to the people in their unorganized capacity and may be taken by any citizen without fee or license at any time during the open season. It is to the interest of the state that neither should be wasted or destroyed and that both should be carefully protected, especially during the breeding season. Without protection the fish and game will soon disappear and the people thus be deprived of an important source of food supply, as well as a delightful recreation which promotes health and prolongs life. The protection of game falls within the legitimate exercise of the police power, because it is directly connected with the public welfare, which is promoted by the preservation and injured by the destruction of so useful an article of food, free at the proper time to all the people of the state. Laws passed for this purpose do not interfere with private property, for there is no property in living wild animals and only as the law permits their capture is there property in wild animals after they are caught or killed.
It was lately declared by the Supreme Court of the United States, when affirming a judgment of this court, that "the preservation of game and fish has always been treated as within the proper domain of the police power, and limiting the season within which birds and wild animals may be killed or exposed for sale, and prescribing the time and manner in which fish may be caught, have been repeatedly upheld by the courts. * * * The taking and selling of certain kinds of fish and game at certain seasons of the year tend to the destruction of the privilege or right by the destruction consequent upon the unrestrained exercise of the right. This is regarded as injurious to the community, and, therefore, it is within the authority of the legislature to impose restriction and limitation upon the time and manner of taking fish and game, considered valuable as articles of food or merchandise. *Page 9 For this purpose fish and game laws are enacted. The power to enact such laws has long been exercised, and so beneficially for the public that it ought not now to be called into question." (Lawton v. Steele, 119 N.Y. 226, 152 U.S. 133, 138; citingState v. Roberts, 59 N.H. 256; Commonwealth v. Chapin, 5 Pick. 199; McCready v. Virginia, 94 U.S. 391; Vinton v.Welsh, 9 Pick. 87, 92; Commonwealth v. Essex Co., 13 Gray, 239, 248; Phelps v. Racey, 60 N.Y. 10; Holyoke Co. v.Lyman, 15 Wall. 500; Gentile v. State, 29 Ind. 409; State v. Lewis, 33 N.E. Rep. 1024.)
In a more recent case it was said by that high court: "From the earliest traditions the right to reduce animals feræ naturœ to possession has been subject to the control of the law-giving power. * * * In most of the states laws have been passed for the protection and preservation of game. We have been referred to no case where the power to so legislate has been questioned, although the books contain cases involving controversies as to the meaning of some of the statutes. * * * The adjudicated cases recognizing the right of the states to control and regulate the common property in game are numerous. * * * `The wild game within a state belongs to the people in their collective sovereign capacity. It is not the subject of private ownership except in so far as the people may elect to make it so, and they may, if they see fit, absolutely prohibit the taking of it, or traffic or commerce in it if it is deemed necessary for the protection or preservation of the public good.' * * * The right to preserve game flows from an undoubted existence in the state of a police power to that end, which may be none the less efficiently called into play, because, by doing so, interstate commerce may be remotely and indirectly affected. Indeed, the source of the police power as to game birds flows from the duty of the state to preserve for its people a valuable food supply." (Geer v.Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519.)
The right to pass laws for the protection of game being conceded, as in view of the authorities it must be, the method of affording protection is necessarily within the discretion of *Page 10 the legislature. It may provide a close season for the taking of game, and may prohibit the possession or sale of game during that season. It may close the game market throughout the state during the period of prohibition, in order to remove temptation from poachers and pot-hunters, who are not apt to run the risk of taking game out of season if they cannot sell it. To do this effectively it may be necessary to close the market as to game taken without the state, as well as within, for there are no marks by which birds killed in Michigan can be distinguished from those killed in New York. When enacting a game law the legislature may provide for its ready enforcement, not simply by making the possession of game during the close season presumptive evidence of a violation of the statute, but it may go farther and, in order to prevent evasion, fraud and perjury, may prohibit the possession of game in this state during the close season, even if it was taken in another state and brought here during the open season. The action of Congress has taken away all questions of interstate commerce, so that the state can act with entire freedom and can prevent the shipment of game into or out of its own territory; and if game is imported, it can regulate or prohibit the sale thereof. Such provisions are warranted by the police power, and are not in conflict with either the State or Federal Constitution. This appears from the authorities already cited, to which we add the following: Smith v. Maryland (59 U.S. 71); State v. Randolph (1 Mo. App. 15); Haggerty v.St. L., I.M. S. Co. (143 Mo. 238); Roth v. State (51 Ohio St. 209) ; Magner v. State (97 Ill. 320); Ex parte Maier (103 Cal. 476); Smith v. State (155 Ind. 611); State v.Rodman (58 Minn. 393); Commonwealth v. Savage (155 Mass. 393); Organ v. State (56 Ark. 270); Allen v. Wyckoff (48 N.J. Law, 90, 93); People v. Gerber (92 Hun, 554);Association for Protection of Game v. Durham (19 J. S. 306).
While it is our duty to affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division, we have felt constrained to consider the constitutional question discussed by that learned court, lest the conclusion announced should be regarded as a precedent and result *Page 11 in evil. We do not affirm because, as held below, the statute would be unconstitutional, if construed according to the claim of the plaintiff, but because it should be construed in accordance with our prior decision.
The order granting an additional allowance of $2,000 should also be affirmed, because the court had power to make it, inasmuch as the action was difficult, owing to the number of statutes to be construed and authorities to be examined, and extraordinary, as it originally involved over one million dollars and required unusual care in preparing for trial. While the demurrers reduced the amount claimed to about $325,000, the stipulation making the final reduction is dated but two days before the trial began. An extra allowance is made to reimburse the successful party in a difficult and extraordinary case for the expense of the litigation, which depends to some extent upon the amount claimed. The plaintiffs could not allow the defendants to prepare for trial on the theory that a large sum was involved and then subvert the power of the court to make an allowance accordingly by stipulating to reduce their demand, after substantially all the preparation had been made. If this could be done two days before the trial, we do not see why it could not be done after the trial had commenced and the entire preparation made. As the power to make the allowance existed, the amount thereof, subject to the limitation of the statute which was not exceeded, was within the discretion of the courts below, and beyond our power to review.
The judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.
CULLEN, Ch. J., GRAY, O'BRIEN, BARTLETT, HAIGHT and WERNER, JJ., concur.
Judgment and order affirmed. *Page 12