This is an application for a peremptory writ of mandamus to require the commissioner of licenses of the city of New York to grant to the petitioner a license to operate a motion picture theatre. The court at Special Term made an order granting the writ, which the Appellate Division affirmed, with some modification.
Before erecting the building for the purpose of a theatre the owner secured the approval of the site thereof by the bureau of licenses as an appropriate place for a motion picture theatre. That was in January, 1914. The plaintiff proceeded with the erection of the building and completed it in November, 1914. His lessee then procured from the bureau of licenses a license to operate the theatre for the remainder of the license year which expired on June 30, 1915. The application here under review, and which was refused, was for a renewal of the license on that date.
The Code of Ordinances of the city of New York provides as follows:
"Section 305. The following businesses must be duly licensed as herein provided, namely * * * motion picture theatres.
"Section 33. * * * Upon the application for the issue or re-issue of a license for a motion picture theatre, or an open air motion picture theatre, the commissioner shall request the fire department, the department of water supply, gas and electricity, the department of health and the bureau of buildings of the Borough in which such theatre is located, to inspect the same, and the said departments and the appropriate bureau of buildings shall within ten days after receiving such requests file in the department of licenses detailed written reports which shall include a statement of any violation of law, ordinance, rule or regulation relating to such structure and any dangerous condition existing therein."
The application of the petitioner was referred to the fire department as provided in this ordinance and the fire *Page 215 department reported adversely thereon, for the reason that there was a dry cleaning and dry dyeing establishment on the adjoining lot and within ten feet of the theatre with a permit to carry 700 gallons of benzine.
The Code of Ordinances of the city provides with regard to dry cleaning and dry dyeing establishments as follows.
"Section 175. No person shall maintain or operate a dry cleaning or dry dyeing establishment without a permit (from the fire commissioner).
"Section 176. No permit to maintain and operate a dry cleaning or dry dyeing establishment shall be issued for any building:
"(a) In which the compartment wherein the volatile inflammable oil is used is situated within 50 feet of the nearest wall of any building occupied as a school, hospital, theatre, or other place of public amusement or assemby," etc.
The lot adjoining the petitioner's theatre had been used and occupied for a dry cleaning and dry dyeing establishment for eight years before the application for the theatre license was made, and a permit for the establishment had been issued annually by the fire commissioner. In June, 1915, an application for a renewal of the permit for the dry cleaning and dry dyeing establishment was made and the fire commissioner required that certain alterations be made therein before granting the permit. The affidavit of the commissioner was to the effect that upon the completion of the alterations referred to, he intended to renew the permit for carrying on such dry cleaning and dry dyeing business. His affidavit further showed that in February, 1914, when the erection of the theatre had begun, he informed the owner thereof that he objected to a license for a motion picture theatre upon the ground that there was a dry cleaning and dry dyeing establishment next door, but the owner of the theatre proceeded with the erection of the building notwithstanding the objection. *Page 216
Upon receiving the report of the fire commissioner disapproving the petitioner's application for a moving picture license, the commissioner of licenses denied the application. It seems to me clear that his denial thereof was fully justified by the conditions existing, and that the charge contained in the moving papers in this proceeding, that the denial was unreasonable, is not sustained.
If the proposition of the relator had been to use his premises for some purpose that did not require a license, the result might be different, but a theatre in New York city requires a license. (Mayor, etc., of N.Y. v. Eden Musée Am. Co., 102 N.Y. 593.) Hence the case came within the jurisdiction of the commissioner of licenses. The law made him the judge, and the rule is that unless there was some error of law in his proceedings, his judgment was final. A "mandamus will not lie to compel the performance of a power the exercise of which lies in the discretion of the officer against whom the writ is sought," unless the action of the officer is capricious, arbitrary or unreasonable. (People ex rel.Empire City Trotting Club v. State Racing Comn., 190 N.Y. 31,33.) No legal error is shown in the proceedings of the commissioner of licenses in this case and his conclusion seems to be entirely justified. The mere statement of the fact that the theatre was within ten feet of a tank containing 700 gallons of benzine, shows that the denial of the application was proper. This was a condition which the commissioner of licenses did not create, and which he could not change, and it controlled his decision. The dry cleaning and dry dyeing establishment was lawful, but if it were not, its bare existence on the lot adjoining the theatre showed a dangerous condition. If the benzine exploded and injured any people in the theatre, it would make little difference to those injured whether the benzine was lawfully kept or not.
The Appellate Division modified the order of the Special Term by requiring the commissioner of licenses *Page 217 to pass upon the application of the petitioner "without regard to the circumstance that there was or is a dye house, dry cleaning or dry dyeing establishment on the adjacent land which as an incident to the business of such establishment involved or involves the storage of inflammables." This modification was erroneous, because the commissioner should consider what the property adjoining the theatre was used for, and if he learned that there were any dangerous conditions there, he could properly refuse the license for a theatre. The investigation of the commissioner should include the building with its appurtenances wherein the theatre was to be established and in addition the neighborhood and the character of the adjoining structures, and the business there carried on.
The result of denying a license may bear hard on the owner of the theatre, but the opposite conclusion would bear equally hard on the owners of the dry cleaning establishment. The local licensing officers can deal better with the situation than the courts, and the matter should be left to them.
I recommend that the order of the Appellate Division and of the Special Term be reversed, without costs in this court to either party, and that the application for a writ of mandamus be denied.
WILLARD BARTLETT, Ch. J., COLLIN, HOGAN, SEABURY and POUND, JJ., concur; HISCOCK, J., dissents.
Ordered accordingly. *Page 218