The defendant is a corporation which owns and operates a fleet of ocean-going steamships, and the plaintiff's intestate was one of a gang of men who had been for a number of years employed by the defendant in the coaling of its ships.
On the 13th day of December, 1902, one of the defendant's steamships called the "Neuces" was taking on coal from a canal boat moored alongside at the foot of pier twenty in the East river. On the side of the ship toward the canal barge there were several port holes, one of which was used by the men employed in the transfer of the coal as a passageway between the two vessels. This port hole was a nearly square aperture about twenty by twenty-four inches in size, which, when closed, was covered by an iron shutter weighing about one hundred and twenty pounds and hung from hinges at the top. On the morning in question the deceased had been working on the inside of the ship for about an hour and a half when he was directed by the foreman to go over to the barge where some of the men were missing. When he had finished the work which he had been directed there to do he started to return to the ship through the port hole which he had used in leaving it. According to the evidence of a fellow-workman, the deceased had supported himself by his hands in such fashion as to swing his feet and the lower part of his body into the port hold, leaving his head and shoulders still on the outside, when the iron shutter came down with such force as to fracture his skull, from the effects of which he died.
This action was brought to recover damages for his death, and the plaintiff's side of the case proceeded upon the theory that this port hole was a part of the place in and about which the deceased was required to perform his work, and which it *Page 385 was the master's duty to keep as safe as possible by the exercise of reasonable care and diligence. As bearing upon the defendant's alleged negligence in this regard, the plaintiff's evidence tended to show that the door or shutter was open when the deceased attempted to go through the port hole; that there was nothing attached to it; and that it was not fastened in any way. The defense took the ground that even if the door or shutter had been wide open and unfastened, the alleged fault or neglect in this behalf related to a mere detail of the work for which the defendant was not responsible. Evidence was adduced in support of this latter aspect of the case, but that need not be referred to since our consideration of the questions involved is circumscribed by the rule that the plaintiff is entitled to the benefit of all the most favorable inferences deducible from the testimony of his own witnesses.
Looking at the case from that angle and assuming for the moment that the only question it presents is, whether the master failed in its duty to provide its servant with a reasonably safe and proper place in which to work, we can find in the record no evidence from which it can be inferred with anything like approximate certainty that the defendant was guilty of any negligence. This heavy shutter was open, it is true, and was not fastened by rope or otherwise. It fell upon the deceased and caused his death. We are not informed as to the cause of its fall; neither do we know whether its position and condition were such as to charge the master with notice that if left unfastened its fall would be imminent. Whether a shutter, operated as this one was, would have a tendency to remain open or to fall and close, would seem to depend entirely upon the simple law of gravity. It might be placed so that, if left unfastened, its fall would be anticipated by observing and intelligent men. On the other hand, it might be thrown back so far as to render its fall impossible unless, by a violent disturbance of the water or otherwise, the ship were thrown so far over on her side as to change the center of gravity. In the one case there would be the obvious *Page 386 necessity for some kind of a fastening; and in the other it might not be suggested even to the most prudent of men. In such a situation, mere proof that an accident has happened is not evidence of a master's negligence, for he is not an insurer and is only liable for the exercise of reasonable care and prudence.
What has been said upon the question whether there was proof of the defendant's negligence is, in one respect, quite as pertinent to the issue of the intestate's freedom from contributory negligence. If the position of the shutter was such as to suggest no possibility of its falling, then there could of course be no inference of contributory negligence against the intestate from his use of the port hole as a passageway. If, however, its position clearly indicated that it would fall if not fastened, then the intestate was negligent in going through the port hole without taking some precaution to keep the shutter in its place. The evidence upon this feature of the case, although very meagre, is against the plaintiff, for his witnesses testified that the door and its lack of fastening were plainly visible from the barge. It was while the deceased was returning from the barge to the ship that he met with this accident, and as he was not an itinerant stevedore but a regular employee of the defendant, the presumption is that he was familiar with the construction of the ship and saw the position and condition of the shutter. If he took the chance of going through a place that was obviously dangerous he was guilty of contributory negligence, and this would bar the plaintiff's recovery even if the defendant's negligence had been established or were conceded.
While a decision adverse to the plaintiff upon either of the two questions we have discussed must necessarily result in a reversal of the judgment recovered by him and affirmed by the Appellate Division, the plaintiff is yet entitled to a new trial and if he elects to take it he may possibly strengthen his case, but he will still be confronted by the question whether the failure to properly fasten this shutter was the neglect of a duty which rested upon the master or whether it was merely *Page 387 a detail of the work involving the negligence of some one who stood in the relation of a fellow-servant to the intestate. In view of the paucity of the evidence in the record before us it is impossible to decide that question upon this appeal. Viewing it in the light of the rule that the master's duty and responsibility are determined by the character of the act upon the commission or omission of which the charge of negligence is predicated, rather than upon the grade or title of a particular employee through whose immediate default an injury befalls one of his co-employees, all that we can now properly say is that the fastening of an ordinary door or shutter, so that it will not fall or swing, would seem to be a detail which the master may delegate to a subordinate. This is a broad generalization, but no more definite statement can be made upon the nebulous evidence before us. Conceding all that the learned counsel for the respondent argues as to the distinction between the rule relating to the master's duty to provide a safe place for his servants and the less rigid rule governing his duty to furnish tools and appliances, the fact remains that there is nothing in the evidence to show that there was anything in the character or condition of the place where the deceased was at work or in the use to which it was put to indicate that the defendant had failed in the performance of any duty to its employees that ordinary prudence and care could have suggested to any master similarly situated. If this shutter was anything more or different than any iron door swinging upward and downward and required some special kind of fastening which could not be safely intrusted to those having occasion to use it, that fact was not shown.
The judgment herein should be reversed and a new trial had, with costs to abide the event.
CULLEN, Ch. J., HAIGHT and CHASE, JJ., concur; GRAY, VANN and WILLARD BARTLETT, JJ., concur in result.
Judgment reversed, etc. *Page 388