[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 154 The following appears to have been the relations of the parties to each other, and to the disputed premises, at the time of the transaction, which is the alleged cause of action in this case. By force of a valid adjudication upon her rights, the plaintiff was the owner in *Page 155 fee at that time of an undivided interest in them, and was, of course, a tenant in common with other owners. We may ascertain the legal position of the defendant with certainty sufficient for the purposes of this case, without passing upon the right of the legislature, to confer power upon the trustees of school districts, to take private property without the consent of the owner; for it does not appear that the trustees of this school district, of whom the defendant was one, or their predecessors in office, had undertaken to exercise any powers under the act of 1866. (Laws of 1866, chap. 800, p. 1749.) The act of 1867 (Laws of 1867, chap. 391, p. 935) legalized and confirmed the action of the trustees, in locating the site of the school-house of the district upon these premises. It also authorized them to acquire title to land enough for the purposes of the district, in accordance with the act of 1866. It cannot be said, however, as is claimed by the respondent's counsel, that the act of 1867, of itself, without further action on the part of the trustees, appropriated the premises to public use, and made provision for compensation to the private owners. It was not a substitute for the purposes of this district, in place of the act of 1866, nor did it dispense with the necessity, if any existed, for taking the legal proceedings provided for by that act, nor did it in terms confer upon the trustees any title to the lands. By its terms, after ratifying the location of the school-house site, it did no more than to authorize the trustees to proceed under another law to acquire the title to that site. There was still need of some action on their part, by bargain with owners or by statutory proceedings, before they acquired title. It legalized the official determination of the trustees, that the site should be on these premises, and no more. The trustees obtained no more right in the premises than resulted from their own action. And, so far as appears from the papers, that action was confined to the taking of a deed from Hall and going into possession under it. By this deed they acquired the interest of Hall, which was an equal undivided eighth part of the premises. Thus the trustees were, at the *Page 156 time of the transaction, also an owner, in their official capacity, of an undivided interest in the premises, and tenant in common with other owners. The defendant was one of the trustees, and is to be regarded in this transaction as acting in that capacity. Thus the title and rights of the plaintiff and of the defendant were of the same nature, differing slightly in extent. Both had title; both had right to actual possession. Neither had the right to oust or debar the other from actual possession. (Erwin v. Olmstead, 7 Cow., 229.) Indeed, the possession of one tenant in common is presumed to be in support of the common title of all (Jackson ex dem. v. Tibbetts, 9 Cow., 241-52).; though such presumption may be repelled, and the tenant in common, in actual possession, may deny the right of possession of his co-tenant, and so work an ouster. (Id.)
Such were the relations to each other, and to these lands, of the plaintiff, and the defendant as one of the trustees of the school district. And the trustees were at the time in the actual possession of the premises, and claimed the right of possession to the exclusion of the plaintiff. She had the right of possession, and had the right to acquire it in a peaceable manner. (Hyatt v. Wood 4 J.R., 150-8). She did acquire possession; by stealth, it is true, but it was without tumult, or a breach of the peace, and in a peaceable manner, in a way which the law has justified. (Id.; McDougall v. Sitcher, 1 J.R., 42; 2 Archbold Cr. Pr. and Pl., 337, 7th Am. ed.) And having obtained the possession, she had the right to retain it, so long as her relations to the premises remained unchanged. And though she had no right to debar other tenants in common from a joint possession with her; on the other hand they had no right to oust her from her possession by force, even though she claimed the exclusive possession, and undertook to enforce it. The most that they could do, was peaceably to acquire possession for themselves jointly with her. When they should go farther, and undertake by force, without legal proceedings to that end, to remove her from possession, they would find no justification in the law. *Page 157
We have not disregarded the authorities to which we have been cited by the respondent's counsel. One class of them, such asBrown v. Dawson (12 Ad. and Ell., 624), is to the effect, that one who has no legal right to possession, cannot by force, or surreptitiously, acquire possession, and then set it up as aprima facie right, against the owner upon whose possession he has thus entered. It is manifest that these do not apply in this case. For here is a legal title and right of possession, and a right to take it in an orderly manner. The taking of possession peaceably is lawful, for it is but the completion or fruition of the pre-existing right. The defendant was in actual possession. His possession was lawful, for he was a tenant in common of the lands. But his exclusion of the plaintiff was unlawful, for she was by right, also a tenant in common of the lands, and equally entitled to an actual joint possession of them. If she could not acquire that possession without force, then she must resort to the law, and ask its aid in some appropriate mode. If without force, in an orderly and peaceable manner, she could unite actual possession with her legal title, she was justified in doing it. That she had the legal right to an immediate and actual possession, and in pursuance of that right took possession, is the fact which distinguishes this case from the class of the cases cited by counsel for the respondent, to which we now allude. Another class of cases cited to us, such as The People v. Leonard (11 J.R., 504), are cases of forcible entry and detainer, and of proceedings under the statute relative thereto. And it is to be observed of decisions in those cases, that they are not in all respects strictly applicable to the case of an issue solely as to private rights. The proceedings under the statute in earlier days were in their nature criminal, for the redress of the wrong to the public done by a breach of its peace. The statute was not intended to confer rights. The main object still is to preserve the public peace and prevent parties from asserting their rights by force or violence, though by gradual additions the remedy has become in effect a private as well as a public *Page 158 one. But the form of proceeding and the rules of law which govern it remain to a great degree unchanged. Still, there must be present, to secure conviction, proof of a wrong done to the public. A mere trespass will not sustain the proceeding. There must be, in the acts of him who is complained of, an element of force, or violence, or terror to others. (Porter v. ThePeople, 7 How., 441-5; The People v. Van Nostrand, 9 Wend., 50-2; Hyatt v. Wood, supra; Commonwealth v The Keeper, 1 Ashmead, 140-5-6.) For though the owner of land may be proceeded against for an entry upon his own premises, if effected with unlawful force, (Jackson v. Morse, 16 J.R., 197-200-1), yet he may expel from them one who is in possession without right or title, and an action of trespass will not lie. (Estes v.Kelly, 8 Wend., 555-60.) Now, we have already stated that the entry of the plaintiff was, in the eye of the law, an orderly one. Those authorities, then, which hold that proceedings for forcible entry and detainer will lie against one, though he be the legal owner, come short of upholding the position, that the plaintiff, being the legal owner, and having the right of possession, had not the right by her own act to acquire possession in an orderly and peaceable way. (See Willard v.Warren, 17 Wend., 257.) It must be borne in mind that the issue here was not between the plaintiff and the people, whether she had made a breach of the peace; nor was it whether the defendant had not right of possession, which, being shut out from, he might regain. It was whether he was justified in forcibly removing from the premises the person of the plaintiff. That he had a right to regain his own possession, did not afford him that justification. For having gained that, he went further, and ejected her from her rightful possession by force applied to her person. This was unlawful in him, and he was answerable to her for her damages. The verdict of the jury was sustained by the law and evidence.
On the trial of this cause at the circuit, the defendant offered proof that the site of the school-house was part of a common dedicated to the public before the year 1799, and as *Page 159 such used and occupied by the public ever since. The court refused to receive the proof, and the defendant excepted. It appears to us from the printed case, that this question was resadjudicata between the parties. The plaintiff had already put in evidence a judgment roll, showing a verdict of a jury and a judgment entered thereon 8th August, 1867, in her favor, in an action in which she herself was plaintiff and the trustees were defendants, in which one of the defences set up was the alleged fact of this dedication. This question appears to have been passed upon in that action and adjudged adversely to the defendant, and that adjudication has not been reversed or set aside.
The order of the General Term, granting a new trial, should be reversed and judgment absolute for the appellant with costs.
All the judges concurring for reversal, order reversed and judgment absolute for the plaintiff.