This action is brought to recover a penalty for the violation of section 27 of the Agricultural Law, as amended by chapter 534 of the Laws of 1900. The provisions of that section, which it is alleged the defendant violated, are as follows: "No person shall sell, offer or expose for sale, any butter *Page 56 or other dairy products containing a preservative, but this shall not be construed to prohibit the use of salt in butter or cheese, or spirituous liquors in club or other fancy cheese or sugar in condensed milk. No person or persons, firm, association or corporation shall induce or attempt to induce any person or persons to violate any of the provisions of the agricultural law. Any person, firm, association or corporation selling, offering or advertising for sale any substance, preparation or matter for use in violation of the provisions of the agricultural law shall be guilty of a violation of this act." The complaint merely follows the statutes, and alleges that the defendant advertised for sale a preservative called "preservaline" for use with butter, "which was neither salt to be used in butter or cheese, sugar to be used in milk, nor liquor to be used in club or fancy cheese," with intent that the said preservative should be used in butter to be offered and exposed for sale. The defendant demurred to the complaint, claiming that the statutory enactment quoted was unconstitutional and void, and in this contention he has been upheld by the Special Term and the Appellate Division.
We think the disposition of this case by the courts below was correct. It is not possible to define accurately the limits of the police power, the exercise of which is vested in the legislature, nor have the courts, as a rule, essayed that task further than to state in very general terms the nature and object of such power. Still, the power has its limitations and those limitations have been to a large extent determined by the process of exclusion and inclusion, as the courts have upheld particular cases of legislation as valid exercises of the power and in other cases have declared the legislation void. In People v. Marx (99 N.Y. 377) a statute absolutely prohibiting the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine or any compound as a substitute for butter and cheese was held void. The statute having been subsequently amended so as to prohibit the manufacture or sale of any article so compounded as to imitate butter was upheld inPeople v. Arensberg (105 N.Y. 123) as valid legislation to prevent fraud on purchasers *Page 57 and consumers. In People v. Kibler (106 N.Y. 321) a statute defining what should be deemed unwholesome or adulterated milk and prohibiting its sale was held constitutional. In People v.Girard (145 N.Y. 105) a statute forbidding the manufacture or sale of vinegar containing any artificial coloring matter was also held valid.
From these cases the following propositions may be deduced: 1. That the legislature cannot forbid or wholly prevent the sale of a wholesome article of food. 2. That legislation intended and reasonably adapted to prevent an article being manufactured in imitation or semblance of a well-known article in common use and thus imposing upon consumers or purchasers is valid. 3. That in the interest of public health the legislature may declare articles of food not complying with a specified standard unwholesome and forbid their sale. Though these principles, like most legal principles, are true only within limits, there would not seem much chance of conflict in their practical application except between the first and last. In the first of the milk cases (People v. Cipperly, 101 N.Y. 634, decided upon opinion of LEARNED, P.J., in 37 Hun, 319) it was held that the statutory declaration of what was wholesome milk was conclusive, and the defendant was not allowed to show in defense that the milk sold by him was in fact unadulterated and not unwholesome. The first oleomargarine case can be differentiated from this on the ground that the statute forbade its sale as a substitute to take theplace of butter and not as an unwholesome article of food. Still, that distinction is narrow and I imagine that the sale and consumption of a well-known article of food or a product conclusively shown to be wholesome could not be forbidden by the legislature even though it assumed to enact the law in the interest of public health. The limits of the police power must necessarily depend in many instances on the common knowledge of the times. An enactment of a standard of purity of an article of food, failing to comply with which the sale of the article is illegal, to be valid must be within reasonable limits and not of such a character as to practically prohibit *Page 58 the manufacture or sale of that which as a matter of common knowledge is good and wholesome.
The statute before us cannot be justified as an exercise of power to prevent fraud or imposition on buyers and consumers. Doubtless the legislature could provide that where butter contains any preservative except salt or sugar the package should be clearly marked with a label stating such fact, and it might require any notice adapted to informing the public of the nature and treatment of the article offered for sale. This it has not done, but it has absolutely forbidden the sale. Nor is the legislation similar to that before the court in the vinegar case. In that case there was no prohibition of vinegar produced from other materials than cider. The forbidden thing was the use of artificial coloring matter, which was not a necessary ingredient of the article produced, but served the sole purpose of preventing the consumer distinguishing between the different kinds of vinegar. In the present case the object of the forbidden article used is not to practice any deception, but to prevent decay in a product which, without the presence of some foreign substance, naturally becomes unfit for use in a very short period. The effect, therefore, of the statute is to prohibit the preservation of dairy products except by salt in butter and cheese and sugar in condensed milk and their sale, no matter how harmless the ingredients used for that purpose may be and no matter how efficiently they attain their purpose.
It is sought, however, to uphold this statute under the principle of the milk cases, on the theory that it is a legislative determination that preservatives other than salt and sugar are unwholesome adulterations of dairy products. As pointed out by the learned courts below, there is no legislative declaration to that effect. Passing, however, that consideration, there is a more serious difficulty in the way of such a course. If the statute had provided that the admixture of any substance with dairy products other than salt or sugar should be deemed an adulteration, and declared such dairy products when so adulterated unwholesome, the case would resemble *Page 59 the milk case, and the question would be presented whether such far-reaching restrictions could be upheld as reasonable regulations in favor of public health. As to that question we express no opinion. But this provision of the statute is not aimed at adulterations. I cannot find in the Agricultural Law any general prohibition against adulterations in butter and cheese, although there is an express provision to that effect in the case of milk. Section 26 seems to forbid the use of acids or other deleterious substance only in the case of imitation butter. Though, if I err in this and the application of the section be general, the provision under review is unnecessary so far as public health is involved. Section 407 of the Penal Code forbids the sale of adulterated food only (except in certain specified cases) when made without disclosing or informing the purchaser of the adulteration. It will be seen, therefore, that the sale of adulterated butter or cheese is not necessarily an offense, except so far as made such by the statutory enactment under review. That enactment does not make the introduction of a foreign substance an adulteration, nor an adulteration illegal, except in the case of a preservative. How then can it be said that the statute is intended to prevent adulteration or the introduction of foreign substance into butter or cheese when the sole test of criminality under it is that the substance is introduced for the object or with the effect of preserving butter or cheese? If the foreign substance has not this effect, no matter how deleterious it may be, the use of it does not violate this provision. It is plain, therefore, that this statute is solely aimed at the preservation of dairy products by the use of other substances than salt, sugar and spirituous liquor. Why the use of sugar is forbidden in milk, salt in butter and cheese, and particularly why that of liquor is permitted in club or fancy cheese and forbidden in other cheese it is difficult to understand on the theory that its object was the protection of the public health. The preservation of food and the arrest of its tendency to decay is certainly a proper and lawful object in itself. It is a work in which man has been engaged to *Page 60 some extent from earliest history. It is the subject of large industries in this country, and the products of those industries are generally used by the community and are lawful objects of manufacture and sale. The industry has grown to an enormous extent. These are matters of common knowledge. There is doubtless in the prosecution of these industries danger of adulteration and of the use of processes injurious to public health. The regulation of these subjects for the protection of the public health and the prevention of imposition on consumers is within the power of the legislature, and the propriety of its exercise cannot be questioned. But while it may regulate, the legislature may not destroy the industry, and that is not a valid regulation which in dealing with the means of preserving food makes the preservation of food itself an unlawful act. Ingredients and processes may be prohibited as unwholesome or causing deception, but not solely because they preserve.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
PARKER, Ch. J., GRAY, O'BRIEN, HAIGHT, LANDON and WERNER, JJ., concur.
Judgment affirmed.