In determining as between mortgagor and mortgagee, whether articles are or are not fixtures, the same rules prevail which are applicable to cases arising between grantors and grantees. (Snedeker v. Warring, 12 N.Y. 170; Gardner v. Finley, 19 Barb. 317; Laflin v. Griffiths, 35 id. 58; Robinson v.Preswick, 3 Edw. Ch. 246; Main v. Schwarzwaelder, 4 E.D. Smith, 273; 1 Dart V. and P. [6th ed.] 607; 1 Jones Mort., sec. 428.) And as between mortgagor and mortgagee the same rules are applicable to articles placed on the mortgaged premises by the mortgagor after the execution of the mortgage. (Gardner v.Finley, 19 Barb. 317; Rice v. Dewey, 54 id. 455, 472;Sullivan v. Toole, 26 Hun, 203; Walmsley v. Milne, 7 C.B. [N.S.] 115, 135; Winslow v. Merchants' Ins. Co., 4 Met. 306;Ex parte Belcher, 4 Pa. D. C. 703; Ex parte Reynal, 2 M.D. De Gex, 443; 1 Jones Mort., § 436; 1 Sug. Vendors [7th Am. ed.] 37, note 1; Phœnix Mills v. Miller, 4 N.Y.S.R. 787.) In the case last cited the rule was well stated, as follows: "A mortgagee of real property is entitled to have his lien respected as to all that was realty when he accepted the security; also as to all accession to the realty, save, perhaps, when the accession is made under an agreement with the party that its purchase price or expense shall be secured and is secured by a lien thereon." *Page 491
The same rules apply to articles annexed to the premises by a subsequent grantee or vendee in possession under an executory contract to purchase. (Eastman v. Foster, 8 Met. 19; Lynde v. Rowe, 12 Allen, 100; Glidden v. Bennett, 43 N.H. 306;Cooper v. Adams, 6 Cush. 87; Ogden v. Stock, 34 Ill. 522;Poor v. Oakman, 104 Mass. 309, 318; 1 Wn. R.P., page 2, par. 4.)
Bearing these general rules in mind, it remains to apply them to the particular facts involved in the case at bar, which briefly are as follows: Jeremiah McFadden was the owner in fee of eighteen acres of land, upon which was a mill-pond, saw-mill, dwelling and barn. December 11, 1878, he mortgaged the property to Orson Wallace to secure the payment of $400 five years thereafter, with semi-annual interest, which mortgage was duly recorded September 2, 1879. The plaintiff, a son of Jeremiah McFadden, occupied the premises from December, 1879, until May 21, 1887, when he was ejected by a writ of assistance issued in and in pursuance of a sale made by virtue of a judgment foreclosing said mortgage.
The plaintiff testified that it was orally agreed between himself and his father that the former should take possession of the property, have the use of it, and when he had paid the mortgage he was to have a deed. The son was to make such improvements as he chose, with the right of removing them if he failed to pay the mortgage and acquire the property. Under this contract the son occupied the property for nearly eight years, and added to it some new buildings and machinery. Under this contract the plaintiff became the equitable owner of eighteen acres, and on paying the mortgage could have compelled a conveyance of the legal title by his father. (Freeman v.Freeman, 43 N.Y. 34.) The plaintiff could have devised the land, and, had he died intestate, his interest held under this oral contract would have descended to his heirs subject to the dower right of his widow. (Cogswell v. Cogswell, 2 Edw. Ch. 231-239; Griffith v. Beecher, 10 Barb. 432; Warren v.Fenn, 28 id. 333; Dayton's Surrogate [3d ed.], 630.) While in possession of the eighteen acres under this *Page 492 arrangement with the father, the plaintiff and his father, with their wives, executed a mortgage on the eighteen acres and another parcel of thirty-seven acres June 16, 1885, to secure $634.26 to Francis L. and Anna M. Harrison, who were made defendants in the action to foreclose the first mortgage, and they became the purchasers at the sale and afterward conveyed to the defendant. It is not asserted that Wallace, the first mortgagee, or the Misses Harrison had notice, actual or constructive, of the alleged contract between the father and the son. The son, by the execution of the mortgage, treated the eighteen acres as his own, and the buildings and the machinery as a part of it, and he cannot now be permitted to assert as against the Misses Harrison or the defendant, their grantee, that the buildings and machinery were not fixtures.
The plaintiff, his wife, Jeremiah McFadden, his wife, Francis L. Harrison and Anna M. Harrison were defendants in the action brought by Orson Wallace to foreclose his mortgage, and were personally served with the summons and complaint in that action. The complaint contained this allegation: "The plaintiff further shows, upon information and belief, that Alexander McFadden, Lunetta McFadden, Francis L. Harrison, Anna M. Harrison and Truman Jones have, or claim to have, some interest in or lien upon said mortgaged premises, or some part thereof, which interest or lien, if any, has accrued subsequently to the lien of said mortgagee."
None of said defendants appeared in the action and a judgment of foreclosure was recovered by default, pursuant to which the sale before mentioned was made, and the writ of assistance was issued.
The plaintiff's rights in the eighteen acres were subsequent in time to the mortgage given to and foreclosed by Wallace, which was alleged to be a lien on the property, prior in law and equity to the rights of the plaintiff in this, and the defendant in the foreclosure action. If the plaintiff intended to assert title to the fixtures he was bound to do it in that action and he could not lie by until a judgment had been *Page 493 entered declaring his rights inferior to the mortgage, and then assert as against the purchaser under the judgment or his grantee that his claim to the buildings and machinery was prior to the lien of the mortgage. On the trial of this action, the plaintiff testified that July 7, 1886, he "stated in writing to the Ames Engine Manufacturing Co. for the purpose of obtaining credit that he owned in fee the fifty-five acres of land covered by said two mortgages, and that March 3, 1887, he wrote to the agents of the Misses Harrison (the second mortgagees) that he had paid his father for the eighteen acres and held a deed thereof subject to the mortgage.
This statement was made for the purpose of obtaining a further loan from them. This evidence is entirely inconsistent with the plaintiff's present claim that he was merely the occupant of the premises, with the right to remove betterments, instead of the equitable owner with the right to have the legal title upon the payment of the Wallace mortgage; the plaintiff testified that he was not a tenant of his father, and paid no rent. His position was that of a beneficial owner, subject to the mortgage, and all improvements which he made upon the property were subject to the rules of law applicable to mortgagors and mortgagees.
As an authority for the position that the agreement between the father and son impressed the character of chattels upon the buildings and machinery, we are referred to the case of Tyson v. Post (108 N.Y. 217); an examination of the record in that case shows that the owner of the premises conveyed them for $70,000, of which $10,000 was paid down and $60,000 was secured to be paid by the grantee to the grantors by two mortgages on the premises. Post paid to the grantors $6,200 of the $10,000, and then took a deed of the premises from the first grantee, it being orally agreed between him, the mortgagees and Post that he might remove the railway and machinery whenever he chose. This was held sufficient as between the mortgagees and Post to change the railway and machinery, which were immovables or fixtures, into movables or personal chattels, and relieve them from the lien of the mortgages. *Page 494
In the case at bar, if the mortgagees and the owners of the fee had agreed with the plaintiff upon a sufficient consideration that he might remove the buildings and machinery, then they, as between the parties to the agreement, would have ceased to be fixtures, would have become movables and relieved from the lien of the mortgage. But the mortgagees in the case before us were not parties to the alleged agreement between the father and son who could not by an agreement between themselves affect the lien of the mortgages or the rights of the holder of them.
The judgment should be affirmed with costs.