This is an application to vacate four assessments, numbered respectively 1, 2, 3 and 4, upon the ground that it does not appear that the provision in the act, chapter 326 of the Laws of 1840, prohibiting assessments exceeding one-half of the value of the land as assessed by the ward assessors, was observed. The case of the Second Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, recently decided in this court, but not reported,* is relied upon as authority in this case. *Page 355
We held there that inasmuch as no assessment was shown ever to have been made by the ward assessors of the land, that no assessments could be made for a local improvement, for want of authority; that the power to assess was limited and could only be exercised to the extent of one-half of the value as assessed for purposes of general taxation; and if no such value could be shown, the power to assess for local improvements did not exist. In this case, the value as assessed by the ward assessors was shown, although several years previously. The counsel for the appellant insists that it must be a valuation existing at the time the assessment is imposed. The statute of 1840 does not require this. It frequently happens that parcels of property are omitted by mistake from the assessment roll, and the construction claimed by the appellant would exempt such property from assessment for local improvements during the year or years in which the mistake occurred. The class of property assessed in this case not being assessable for general purposes of taxation would upon the construction claimed be exempt for all time from assessment for local improvements. Although such assessments are, in a general sense taxes, yet they are based upon an entirely different principle from general taxes. The latter are imposed to pay the general expenses of government in return for protection afforded to life, liberty and property, while the former are imposed upon the theory, however much it may be violated in practice, of conferring an equal specific benefit upon the property assessed, and it has been uniformly held by the courts, and has long been settled, that property exempted by the legislature from general taxation, is still liable for assessments for local improvements; and this court has recently held that the property owned by the State itself is not exempt from such assessments.*
It is very clear to my mind that the legislature by the act of 1840, had no intention of relieving exempt property from these assessments, and it is the duty of the courts to prevent *Page 356 such a result, if it can be reasonably done without violating established legal rules. There is nothing in the language of the statute of 1840 restricting the comparison of value by the assessors for the purpose of assessment for local improvements to the year in which the assessment for a local improvement is made, and to prevent the great injustice of permitting a very large amount of property from evading the payment of these assessments, I think the General and Special Term were justified in allowing a resort to be had to the last valuation by the assessors whenever that was. The legislature could easily remedy the apparent incongruity, and it may be that the ward assessors or their successors, have power, implied by the act of 1840, to assess the value of exempt property, for the purpose of assessment for local improvements. But until some better remedy is furnished I see no legal difficulty in adopting the course pursued by the court below. It appears in the cases numbered one, three and four, that the assessment was less than one-half the value as assessed by the ward assessors, and according to the foregoing views no error was committed in respect to them.
In the case numbered two, the assessment exceeded one-half the assessed value as proved, and the court below reduced the assessment accordingly. It is objected that the court had no power to make this reduction, but was obliged to vacate the assessment entirely. We were referred to chapter 383 of the Laws of 1870 conferring express authority upon the court in case the irregularity had caused an increase of expense of the work for which the assessment was made, to reduce the assessment accordingly, and from that it is insisted that such power existed in no other case. I am not prepared to assent to this view. The petitioner necessarily concedes that the assessment is valid up to one-half of the assessed value, and claims only that it is invalid beyond that sum. There is no objection affecting the whole assessment, but only a specified amount, and it is competent for the court to apply the remedy directly to the part of the assessment complained of. The power of vacation exists *Page 357 and should be exercised in a case when the objection applies to the whole assessment; but when the objection is only to a particular sum, and that fixed by statute, the power of the court to reduce it to that sum is necessarily implied from the nature of the case. The court merely gives effect to the law as claimed by the petitioner. It is analogous to a judgment composed of two items, one of which only is claimed to be illegal, and if the court so hold, it may reduce the judgment to correspond with the legal amount. The petitioner thus gets precisely what it claims, an assessment for an amount not exceeding one-half of the value as assessed for purposes of taxation. A vacation and reassessment, if practicable, would produce the same result, and I think the court has power to make the correction. But under the peculiar circumstances of the case, I am inclined to think that the assessment should be deemed valid as reduced from the date of the order. Under the statute of 1840 and the decisions of the courts, the petitioner ought not to be required to pay interest until the assessment was fixed according to law. A tender of the correct amount would not have relieved the petitioner, because no officer was authorized to receive it, even if it could have ascertained the sum legally required. The remedy was to apply to the court, or lie by and resist the collection. The circumstances are exceptional, and I think this modification just.
It is not deemed necessary to consider the point whether there is any such distinction between this case and the case of SecondAvenue Methodist Church (supra), as to prevent an application under the act of 1858 as modified by the two acts of 1874.
The order must be affirmed with the modification suggested.
All concur except ANDREWS and MILLER, J.J., not voting.
Ordered accordingly.
* 66 N.Y., 395.
* Hassan v. City of Rochester, 66 N.Y., 528. *Page 358