By the 26th section of article four, title eight, and chapter twenty, of the first part of the Revised Statutes, every lottery, game or device of chance in the nature of a lottery, other thansuch as have been authorized by law, is declared to be "unlawful and a common and public nuisance." The 27th section of the same article, makes it a misdemeanor for any person, unauthorized byspecial laws for that purpose," within this state, to open, set on foot, carry on, promote or draw, publicly or privately, any lottery, game or device of chance of any nature or kind, or by whatever name it may be called, for the purpose of exposing, setting to sale, or disposing of any houses, lands, tenements, or real estate, or any money, goods or things in action." The 28th section is as follows: "No person shall by printing, writing, or in any other way, publish an account of any such illegallottery stating when or where the same is to be drawn, or the prizes therein, or any of them, or the price of a ticket or share therein, or where any ticket may be obtained therein, or in any way aiding or assisting in the same. Whoever offends against this provision shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor," c.
In 1830, when the Revised Statutes went into operation, there were special laws in existence authorizing within the State, certain lotteries. This fact explains the reason for the exceptions in the 26th and 27th sections above cited. But in 1833, the legislature provided that after the close of that year, "it should not be lawful to continue or draw any lottery within this State, but all and every lottery before granted or *Page 182 authorized should absolutely cease and determine." (Laws of 1833, p. 484.) Therefore, since the end of the year 1833, all lotteries have been unauthorized and contrary to law, and the sections of the Revised Statutes referred to above should be read as though the words, "other than such as have been authorized by law," in the 26th section, and the words "unauthorized by special laws for that purpose," in the 27th section, were stricken therefrom.
It is insisted by the plaintiff in error: First, That the facts charged in the indictment do not constitute an offence against the laws of this State, because the publication charged was of a foreign lottery, and the statute does not make such publication an offence. Second, That the indictment is defective in not averring that the lottery was one "for the purpose of exposing, setting to sale, or disposing of" property or money according to the description contained in the 27th section. Both of these points will be met in a decision of the question, whether the words, "any such illegal lottery," in the 28th section, refer to and point out only the particular kind of lottery or lotteries described in the 27th section, or whether they properly refer both to the 26th and 27th sections which include all lotteries; for if the "illegal lottery" spoken of in the 28th section be only that described in the 27th, and it is conceded that the publication was of a foreign lottery, there is no offence charged against the laws of this State, as the 27th section describes a lottery to be opened, set on foot, carried on, promoted or drawn,within this State, for specified purposes; and had the publication been of a lottery of this State, the indictment would have been defective in not averring the purpose for which the lottery was set on foot, c. So, also, by the 26th and 27th sections, all lotteries being "unlawful and common and public nuisances," as far as there may be attempts to carry them on in the State, if the term "such illegal lottery," is meant to embrace all lotteries, made so by both sections, then the facts charged in the indictment do constitute an offence against our laws, and no special averment of the purpose of the lottery is necessary, but the general *Page 183 averment of publication would be sufficient; for the 28th section, under which the indictment is framed, then makes it a misdemeanor to publish an account of any lottery, game or device of chance in the nature of a lottery for any purpose whatever.
It is contended that the offence prescribed by the 28th section is only that described in the 27th, of "printing, writing or publishing an account" of a lottery set on foot, within thisState, for the purpose of "exposing, setting to sale or disposing of" property or money. If this be so, though the giving notice of a lottery set on foot and to be drawn in the District of Columbia is within the mischief and against the policy indicated by the 27th section, yet not being an act malum in se nor in contravention of positive law, it is not criminally punishable. But I am of a different opinion. I think that the words, "such illegal lottery," relate not solely to the particular kind described in the 27th section, but to all lotteries; as all are by the 26th section declared to be "unlawful and common and public nuisances." Such is the relation given by the Supreme Court to similar words in the 29th section respecting the sale of tickets. (People vs. Sturdevant, 23Wend. R. 418.) If the phrase, "such illegal lottery," in the 28th section were necessarily qualified by the description in the 27th section, and by no reasonable construction of language could relate to the 26th, I should not feel justified in an attempt to give it such relation. Though the mischief be as great to publish an account of a foreign as of a domestic lottery, it is for the legislature to determine whether one or both acts shall be a misdemeanor; and it is not for courts by a strained construction of language, or by an adoption of a false relation of words to each other or to the preceding sentences, to create a criminal offence not obviously within the letter or meaning of the statute. But for ought that I can discover, the phrase "such illegal lottery," in the 28th section may as aptly relate to all lotteries, which by the 26th section are declared to be unlawful, as to the particular description of lottery which the 27th section makes specially an offence to open, set on foot, carry on, promote or draw; and if the impediment I have *Page 184 suggested to such construction does not really exist, and the words may as well relate to the descriptions in the 26th section which embraces all lotteries, as to the 27th which includes only a particular kind, it would certainly be erroneous, in view of the fact that the mischief which the law intended to prevent is the same by the publication of an account of a foreign as of a domestic lottery, to narrow or limit the offence prescribed in the 28th section, to the publication of an account of a lottery set on foot, within this State, for specified purposes.
I think that by printing, writing, or in any other way to publish an account of any lottery, "stating when or where the same is to be drawn, or the prizes therein, or any of them, or the price of a ticket or shares therein, or where any ticket may be obtained therein, or in any way aiding or assisting in the same," is an offence under the 28th section of the statute, and that consequently a general averment in the indictment of publication is sufficient.
The judgment of the Supreme Court should therefore be affirmed.