William Gatling the elder died in the year 1809, having first made his will, which was duly proved, in which, after the common recital of an intention to dispose of all his "goods and estate," he proceeded as follows:
"I lend unto my son William Gatling my sand bank "land, and the land which I bought of, c., and also all "my land that I have not lent and given away, during his "natural life. I also lend unto my son William Gatling "the following negroes, viz., c., during his natural life. "Also I lend, after the death of my wife Selah Gatling, "unto my son William Gatling, all the land as (that) I "before lent to her during her natural life.
"My will and desire is, that all my property as (that) "I have not before given away and lent, to be equally "divided between my son William Gatling and Elizabeth "Bond, and my wife Selah Gatling and Etheldred Boyd "Gatling, to them and their heirs forever.
"My will and desire is, that if my son William Gatling "should have any children lawfully begotten, then I give "all the property as (that) I lent unto my son William "Gatling, to them and their heirs forever."
William Gatling, the devisee, died without issue. The feme lessor of the plaintiff was a grandchild of the testator. If William Gatling the younger took in fee, then judgment *Page 480 was to be entered for the defendant. If he took an estate for life, with a contingent limitation to his children in fee, and the ulterior interest descended to the heirs at law of the testator, judgment was to be entered for the plaintiff for one undivided half of the premises. If this ulterior estate passed under the residuary clause of the will, then the lessors of the plaintiff were entitled to one undivided fourth part, and the judgment was to be entered accordingly.
His Honor gave judgment for one-half of the land in dispute; and the defendant appealed. — We collect from the transcript in this case, that a general verdict was rendered for the plaintiff, subject to the opinion of the Court, upon a case agreed, as to the legal construction of the will of William Gatling the elder. If under that will William Gatling the younger took a fee simple in the lands in controversy, it was agreed that judgment should be rendered for the defendant; if he took an estate for life with a contingent limitation thereafter to his children, and the ulterior estate of the testator descended to the testator's heirs at law, the plaintiff was to have judgment for an undivided half of the premises set forth in the declaration; but if this ulterior estate was disposed of by the will under what was claimed to be a residuary devise, then the plaintiff should have judgment for an undivided fourth part only of the premises. The Court below adopting the second of these interpretations, gave the plaintiff judgment for a moiety; and the defendant appealed.
It is clear that William, the son, did not take a fee. The will in terms restricts the devise to him to a devise for life, and the devise to his children, if he should have any, is to them as purchasers.
The only question admitting of controversy, is whether the testator made any disposition of the ulterior interest in him remaining after the devise to his son William for life; and the devise to William's children in fee. The clause *Page 481 which is supposed to contain this disposition is in these words: "My will and desire is, that all my property as I have not before given away and lent, to be equally divided between my son William Gatling, and Elizabeth Boyd, and my wife Selah Gatling and Etheldred Boyd Gatling, to them and their heirs forever." The words "all my property," unless they are explained by other words in the will to have a different meaning, embrace every subject of property and every interest therein which belonged to the testator. The word "estate" is confessedly sufficient for these purposes; and in holding it to be thus sufficient it has been said to import the entire property of the testator. Nichols v. Butcher, 18 Vesey, 193. That the word property, if not so qualified by the context as to require a narrower signification, comprehends the real estate of the testator, was said by this Court in Doe v. Hyman, 1 Dev. 383, to be fully settled. If it were not, it is manifest in this case, that the testator meant by it real as well as personal property. Every subject of disposition mentioned in the will is fully given away, except the lands and negroes lent to his son for life. The clause under consideration speaks of property not before given away or lent — and there is nothing to which the term property before lent can apply, except to these lands and negroes, and these are certainly both comprehended under the designation of property in the clause immediately following, in which he gives to the children of William "all the property as I have before lent to my son William." The devise then of all the property not previously disposed of, either by gift or loan, is a residuary devise, and will carry with it every reversionary interest in the testator which has not been specifically devised, whether such interest were in the contemplation of the testator or not, and whether it were known or unknown to him — unless it expressly appear upon the will or be necessarily inferred from it, that his intention was confined to pass other estates and interests only, and actually to exclude such reversion therefrom. Doe, lessee of Cholmondeley v. Weatherby, 11 East, 332. Doe,lessee of Wells v. Scott, 3 Maule and Selw. 300. Goodright lesseeBuckinghamshire v. *Page 482 Downshire, 2 Bos. and Pul. 600. The true inquiry, then is, whether it bemanifest on the will that the testator intended to exclude this reversion from the operation of the residuary devise.
We regret that we have not had the benefit of an argument on the part of the plaintiff, and that we are left to discover as well as we can the views which the Court below took in forming its judgment. We presume that the train of reasoning which led to this result was substantially as follows: The alleged exclusion is not indeed to be found in words, but it is to be inferred from an examination of the different parts of the will. In the first place it is to be observed, that the testator, in a prior part of the will, lends to his son William not only the land therein named, but also "all the land not otherwise lent and given; and after this general disposition proceeds expressly to lend to his son, after his wife's death, the land which had been lent to her for life. From this it would seem, that in the devise of all the land not otherwise lent, the testator did not suppose any interest in land included, in regard to which land he had made a previous partial disposition, and therefore deemed it necessary to subjoin an express devise of the land before lent to his wife. And it might have been thought, that having thus ascertained that the testator, in speaking of land not before lent or given, had reference only to thecorpus, and not the interest in it, we ought to understand him when afterwards devising and bequeathing all the property not before lent or given, as confining the disposition to the things not before disposed of, and excluding therefrom undisposed interests in those partially disposed of. Besides, this residuary devise is of property not before given away or lent; yet immediately afterwards comes a clause making a contingent gift to the children of his son of the land lent to him for life. Now if all the testator's interest in this land, except the life estate devised to William, be included in the residuary devise, this last limitation is repugnant to that devise, and in the construction of every instrument care should be taken to reconcile all its parts to each other.
It is not to be denied that this train of reasoning has *Page 483 much force, and that if it were necessary for the residuary devises, to establish an actual intent in the testator to pass the reversionary interest, it would be an argument difficult for them to encounter. But as the words of the residuary devise do, in their ordinary, as well as legal import, comprehend this reversion, the argument to be successful should establish a manifest intent in the testator not to include it. This we think it does not show. It does not follow, that because the testator supposed or apprehended that a devise of land not before given or lent did not pass a reversionary interest in the land previously lent, he intended to exclude such an interest from the operation of a devise of all hisproperty not before given or lent. It is indeed true, that the word land, unexplained, is sufficient to embrace not only the land itself, but the interest of the testator in it, but it is not so appropriate for that purpose as property or estate. It may well be, therefore, that in using the words "all my property," he might mean all his interest or ownership of every kind in the subjects of property, although in using the word land, he either meant, or feared that others might think that he meant, to pass the thing itself, and not his estate in it, and in the latter case deemed it advisable to subjoin an additional express clause, either to dispose of that estate, or to remove all doubts that it had been disposed of. The residuary devise, and the following clause, ought indeed to be reconciled; but for this purpose, it does not appear to us necessary to give to the residuary devise the restricted construction which this argument requires. The latter clause may, without violence, be regarded as containing an exception out of, or rather qualifications of the former devise. There is no improbability in supposing that the testator having neglected until the close of his will to provide for the contingency of his son William leaving children, it then presented itself to his consideration, and presented itself with the more force, because of his perceiving the effect of the immediately preceding devise, taken in connection with the former dispositions to his son. Courts of justice, in many cases, cannot hope to define with certainty the intentions of testators. It is, *Page 484 safer, when words are found in a will, which by usage and legal interpretation embrace certain devisable interests, and are used without qualification or explanation, to understand the testator as meaning what he says, rather than to indulge in the hopeless pursuit of making out his meaning, by a refined and minute analysis. Things and interests embraced within the disposing words of a will must be taken to pass by them, unless there can be found a declaration plain to the contrary. Church v. Munday, 15 Ves. 406. In the present case, it is the more incumbent upon us to adhere to this safe rule, for the departure from it which the plaintiff insists upon, will have the effect to cause a partial intestacy, when it is apparent from the introductory words of the will, that the testator intended to make a disposition of all "his estate and effects."
The judgment in the Superior Court is to be reversed; and the plaintiff is to have judgment here for one undivided fourth-part of the premises contained in his declaration. The plaintiff is entitled to have his costs of the Court below, and the defendant recovers costs in this Court.
PER CURIAM. Judgment accordingly.