This action is to foreclose a mortgage which plaintiff alleges the defendants McKay McKinnon and wife, Grace H. McKinnon, executed to him, dated 28 August, 1886. The land conveyed in this mortgage belonged to thefeme defendant and was to secure an indebtedness of the husband, McKay McKinnon.
The record in this case is voluminous, containing many exceptions, involving questions as to competency of evidence admitted and rejected — the question of agency and the right of the agent to apply money in his hands as such agent to the payment of his individual indebtedness. Among the many questions presented by the record, there are two, the solution of which will determine the rights of the parties. This being so, we proceed to consider them, and thereby avoid the consideration of a great many other questions presented by the appeal.
(216) It is denied by the defendants that the privy examination of the feme defendant was taken as to the mortgage the plaintiff now seeks to foreclose. If it was not, the plaintiff cannot have a judgment of foreclosure. Plaintiff says that if this is so, he is entitled to an equitable lien on the land for the payment of his debt. The jury found that the private examination of the feme covert was not taken to the mortgage. This settles the matter of plaintiff's right to foreclose, unless there has been error committed by the court in the evidence admitted or rejected, or in the instructions given to the jury.
The evidence offered upon this issue, as to whether Mrs. McKinnon was privately examined or not, was that of D. A. Patterson, the justice who made the certificate of privy examination, and of McKay McKinnon, the husband of the feme defendant, and her own testimony. There are no exceptions to Patterson's evidence, and while there were exceptions to the evidence of both McKinnon and his wife, there were none to their evidence on this issue. This being so, if there was evidence upon which the jury might reasonably find the issue in the negative, this finding must stand.
The witness Patterson, among other things, testified that "After Mr. McCaskill and Mr. McKinnon retired, the witness read over the certificate, or started to read, and thinks he read it. She wanted to explain something, or wanted witness to explain something — witness don't *Page 185 remember — something witness didn't know anything about. Mr. McKinnon came back to the door and told her it was all right, or words to that effect. The matter dropped right there; there was no more said, and witness signed the paper. McKinnon came to the parlor door. Witness and Mrs. McKinnon were inside the parlor. There was a hall, and door from hall to parlor. Witness was from the parlor door several feet."
The feme defendant testified that plaintiff, witness Patterson, her husband and herself were all at her house; that she and Patterson were in the parlor, and plaintiff and her husband were in the parlor, or in the piazza; were part of the time in one place and then in the (217) other. She says she "did not execute the deed freely and voluntarily; did not tell Mr. Patterson that she signed the deed freely; she objected to signing the mortgage. After she raised an objection, she signed it. After she raised objection, don't think Mr. Patterson asked her if she signed it freely and voluntarily; don't think anything was said while witness was in the parlor. She could see plaintiff and Mr. McKinnon. Mr. McKinnon was certainly where he could see her during the whole of the time. She recollects signing the mortgage. After she wrote her name to the paper, she never told Mr. Patterson, or any one else, that she signed it freely and voluntarily."
The husband, McKay McKinnon, testified that "Mrs. McKinnon and Mr. Patterson were in the parlor, about 6 or 7 feet from where witness was, on the piazza. She refused to sign the mortgage. Witness heard her tell Mr. Patterson so. Witness was in hearing distance all the time, and in sight of them — was sitting in the window. They had some trouble about signing it in there, and witness and McCaskill went in the parlor before she signed it, and witness told her to sign it. Witness and McCaskill were both present. She didn't state that she signed it voluntarily and freely, after they went back, and there were no more questions asked her about it. She just signed it, and Mr. Patterson signed his name, and they all came out."
The plaintiff McCaskill testified: "Notes and mortgage were signed by the defendants, and after that Mr. McKinnon and witness retired to the piazza; witness could not hear what Mr. Patterson and Mrs. McKinnon said, and Mr. McKinnon was out there with witness."
There is some conflict in this evidence between the plaintiff and the other witnesses, Patterson, McKinnon and wife, Grace; but not as to what occurred between Patterson and the feme defendant, as (218) the plaintiff swears that he was not in the parlor and could not and, of course, did not hear what took place. But whatever conflict there may be, it was a matter for the jury to consider, and determine what the truth of the matter was, and not for us. The only question that comes to us for our determination is whether the evidence was such as the court *Page 186 should have submitted this issue to the jury upon, and we are of opinion it was.
But plaintiff contends that if there was sufficient evidence to carry this issue to the jury, there was error in the judge's charge in submitting it to the jury. We therefore reproduce the entire charge of the court upon this issue, believing this to be entirely fair to the plaintiff, which is as follows:
"The third issue is, `Did Grace H. McKinnon freely and voluntarily execute the mortgage described in the complaint, and was she privately examined, separate and apart from her husband, touching her voluntary execution of the same?'
"The certificate of the justice of the peace to the mortgage states that the feme defendant was examined, separate and apart from her husband, touching her voluntary execution of the same, and that she stated that she did sign the mortgage freely and voluntarily, without fear or compulsion on the part of her said husband or of any other person, and that she did, at the time she was so examined, freely and voluntarily consent thereto.
"The jury are instructed that the certificate of the justice of the peace is presumed to be true, and that the burden of proving that it is not true is upon the defendants. If the defendants have rebutted this presumption by proof, and have shown that the feme defendant did not freely and voluntarily execute the mortgage, and that she was not privately examined, separate and apart from her husband, touching her (219) voluntary execution of the same, the jury will answer this issue `No.'
"If the feme defendant executed the mortgage described in the complaint freely and voluntarily, and if she was privately examined, separate and apart from her said husband, touching her voluntary execution of the same, the jury will answer this issue `Yes.'
"The defendants contend that the feme defendant objected to signing the mortgage; that she and the justice of the peace, Patterson, were in the parlor, and that she objected to signing the mortgage; that her husband and plaintiff were in her sight and hearing; that her husband came to the door of the parlor, and she signed the mortgage, but that the justice of the peace never asked her whether she signed the same freely and voluntarily, and never examined her, separate and apart from her husband, touching her voluntary execution of the same; that her husband was never out of her presence, and that neither was McCaskill.
"The plaintiff contends that the feme defendant did sign the mortgage freely and voluntarily, and that she was examined, separate and apart from her husband, touching her voluntary execution of the same. *Page 187
"The jury are instructed that it was not necessary to the validity of the examination of the feme defendant by the justice of the peace that her husband should have gone entirely out of the room; it was only necessary that he should have gone separate and apart from the feme defendant, and so far as to leave her free to express to the justice of the peace her will and desire with respect to the alleged mortgage, freely and voluntarily.
"The defendants contend that the male defendant did not go, separate and apart from his wife, so far as to leave her free to express her will and desire with respect to the alleged mortgage, freely and voluntarily, and that in fact the justice of the peace never did ask her whether she freely and voluntarily signed and consented to the mortgage.
"As above instructed, the burden is upon the defendants to (220) rebut the presumption raised by the certificate of the justice of the peace. If they have rebutted this presumption, the jury will answer the third issue `No.' If they have failed to rebut it, the jury will answer the third issue `Yes.'"
In response to prayer for instructions by defendants' counsel, the court charged the jury that if Mrs. McKinnon, on her examination by the justice of the peace, Patterson, did not state to him on such examination that she signed said mortgage freely and voluntarily, the jury should answer the third issue "No." Plaintiff excepted.
The court further instructed the jury on this issue, in response to prayers by defendants' counsel: "It was the duty of the justice of the peace, in taking the privy examination of Mrs. McKinnon, to explain the same to her and see that the provisions of the statute were strictly complied with; and if in this case the justice failed to do so, you will answer the third issue `No.'" Plaintiff excepted.
But our attention was called more particularly to the two last paragraphs.
Plaintiff says it was error to charge the jury "That if Mrs. McKinnon, on her examination by the justice of the peace, Patterson, did not state to him on such examination that she signed said mortgage freely and voluntarily, the jury will answer the third issue `No.'" We see no error in this instruction. It is the duty of the judge to adapt his charge to the evidence bearing upon the issue before the jury — to the case in hand. The certificate of the justice of the peace says it was taken separate and apart from her husband, and that she "doth state that she signed the same freely and voluntarily, without fear or compulsion," etc. The evidence was all directed to what she said. There is not a (221) suggestion in the evidence that she assented to the examination or expressed her free and voluntary assent in any other way than by saying that she did. We do not say that a case might not be presented where *Page 188 the acknowledgment might not be shown without using the exact words used in the charge; but, from the evidence in this case, the charge appears to us to have been proper.
The plaintiff further excepts to the last paragraph of the charge. He complains that the court charged that it was the duty of the magistrate, Patterson, "to explain the same to her and see that the provisions of the statute were strictly complied with; and in this case if the justice failed to do so, you will answer the third issue `No.'" We see no error in this instruction. At common law, a feme covert, could only convey her land by the fictitious action of fine and recovery. This has been changed by the statute in England and in this State, so as to allow her to alien her land by deed in which her husband joins, and privy examination. The right to take privy examinations for a long time was given to the judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts and to the Courts of Pleas and Quarter Sessions in term-time, and when in session as an organized court. When this court was abolished by the Constitution of 1868 and the acts of legislation following, this right was given to the clerks of the Superior Courts as the successors of county courts. This was well enough, as the clerks were elected by the whole people of the county and were likely to be men of character and intelligence. But the Legislature, upon the plea of convenience, has increased the list of those who may take privy examinations to a great number of officers. They, next after the clerks, gave it to justices of the peace, then to notaries public, and then to deputy clerks, but it has not yet been given to policemen. (222) Convenience is a good thing, but it is a mistake to place convenience before the protection afforded or intended to be afforded married women in taking their privy examinations. The object of the privy examination was to protect wives from having their estates squandered by unkind, dissipated, spendthrift husbands. This, in our opinion, should be more regarded than mere convenience. Upon this line of thought we must be pardoned for quoting a paragraph from the opinion delivered by Ruffin,J., in Burgess v. Wilson, 13 N.C. at p. 311. That great lawyer, in discussing the subject of privy examination, says: "After open confession in court, she is then to be examined, when in privacy, and with self-collection, which a timid female, in the presence of a crowd and overawed by the authority of her husband, might not be able to command in public, that she may have an opportunity of retracing her deed after her interests have been weighed by her and her rights explained by an intelligent and upright judicial officer. This being done all at once, there is not so much apprehension, though certainly some even here, of malversation in the examining magistrate. The danger of immediate detection would subdue his disposition to aid in the undue machinations of a cruel husband. But the facility for *Page 189 practicing abuses on the wife would be great, indeed, if the trust of receiving her acknowledgment were reposed in a single justice of the peace as a matter in pais."
Although this duty has been given to other persons than Judge Ruffin and the able Court of which he was a member at the time this opinion in Burgessv. Wilson was delivered, still the manner in which it should be done is the same now that it was then. And thus understanding the law, it seems to us that the charge of the court should be commended rather than condemned.
These examinations carry with them the presumption of being true, as they should do, or the titles to much of the landed property in this State would be insecure. And this makes it much more important (223) that they should be taken by men of intelligence and character. We see no error in this ruling, and the only question that remains to be considered is the equities of the case.
The plaintiff contends that if he is held not to be able to enforce his mortgage, it would be inequitable and unconscionable for the feme defendant to repudiate the contract and be allowed to retain the land; and he asks the court so to declare and by some means give him relief. For this contention he cites Burns v. McGregor, 90 N.C. 222; Wood v. Wheeler,106 N.C. 512, and Draper v. Allen, 114 N.C. 50, but we are unable to see that they apply to this case.
The facts, in brief, are that McKay McKinnon, husband of the feme defendant, was indebted to the plaintiff in the sum of $900, evidenced by three promissory notes, and in 1876 he executed a mortgage to the plaintiff on the land in dispute to secure this debt; that in 1884 the plaintiff was pressing the husband for these debts and threatened to foreclose. The feme defendant agreed, through her husband, to sell the plaintiff real estate which she owned in the town of Fayetteville for $1,200 in payment of the mortgage debt, and that she was to become the owner of the mortgaged land (which seems to have been her home) in place of her Fayetteville property. And on 14 February, 1884, the defendants executed a deed to the plaintiff for the wife's property in Fayetteville, at the price of $1,200, in which deed it is stated that it was the wife's land, willed to her by her deceased father. So the plaintiff took title to this land, knowing that it was the land of the feme defendant. The plaintiff and his brother afterwards sold the land in controversy as mortgagees, bit it off for the feme defendant at the price of $1,000, and made her a deed therefor; and on the same day undertook, to take the mortgage upon which this action was brought. The plaintiff (224) alleges that he entered a credit on a book account he had against the husband for the $1,200, the price of the Fayetteville land; and the debt which this mortgage was intended to secure was the debt due by the *Page 190 first mortgage debt and a balance of five hundred and some dollars which the husband still owed him on his book account. There is some conflict in the evidence about this; but one thing remains undisputed, that the plaintiff got $1,200 worth of the feme defendant's land, and she has never received anything for it, unless it is the land in dispute. He knew that the Fayetteville land belonged to the feme defendant, as it is so stated in the deed, and it is not pretended that the feme defendant ever consented that the price of this land should be entered as a credit on her husband's book account with the plaintiff; and if it was so entered, even with the consent of the husband, it was unauthorized and a fraud on her. Williams v.Johnston, 92 N.C. 532. All the debts were the debts of the husband, and not the wife's debts. Her land is gone, the plaintiff is the owner of it, and she has nothing in consideration but the land in dispute. Under these circumstances, we cannot interfere with her title. Williams v. Walker,111 N.C. 604.
Affirmed.
Cited: Bank v. Fries, post, 243; Benedict v. Jones, 129 N.C. 472;Lumber Co. v. Leonard, 145 N.C. 350.