Since Brodnax v. Groom, 64 N.C. 244, and Gallowayv. Jenkins, 63 N.C. 147, it must be considered settled in this State that a taxpayer may institute an action, either alone or on behalf of all others similarly situated, to enjoin the collection of an illegal tax, at least by a county or city. This must necessarily be so, if (as was held in Hugginsv. Hinson, 61 N.C. 126, when taxes are collected under a tax list) the payer cannot recover them back from the sheriff, although he paid under protest; otherwise, there would be no redress against any illegal taxation on property, and no redress could be given for even a clear violation of right. As we said in Brodnax v. Groom, to maintain such an action it will not suffice that the illegality is trifling, or is in some collateral matter, or by some mistake, or is a mere irregularity; it must be material and go to the very substance and root of the (112) tax. Although it is fit and proper that the courts should have power to restrain illegal taxation, at least by the inferior municipalities, such as counties, cities, etc., yet it is obviously a power which should be used with extreme caution, and only in a case of injury manifestly demanding its interposition.
It is conceded that the tax levy for 1875, which is the one sought to be enjoined, was illegal, in that it excluded from valuation and taxation *Page 75 the stocks of goods held by merchants on 1 April of that year. It is no vindication of the legality of the tax to say that the city government added to the tax on the monthly sales of merchants more than enough to compensate for the deficiency caused by this exclusion. The language of the Constitution is positive, and it is imperative as to the form as well as to the substance of the tax. To disobey the mandate that all property shall be taxed uniformly and according to its value, upon the ground that the tax imposed was more just, or convenient, or productive, is to substitute the discretion of the city authorities for that of the lawmaking power. If the Constitution can be disregarded by an act of discretion in one direction, it may be in another; and an ad valorem tax may exclude from valuation and taxation the personal or real property of any class whatever which the authorities might think it wise and expedient to relieve. If one deliberate breach of the article of the Constitution relating to taxes can be justified, the whole article may become a dead letter in all cities and towns. Taxation should not only be substantially uniform in the result according to law, but it should be as nearly identical in form as it can be. It cannot be known to be true that the incidence of taxation was even substantially the same under the levy complained of with what it would have been under one conforming to the law. These general principles will probably not be disputed.
It is difficult, however, to devise a remedy for such a case which shall be adequate for the relief of the complaining taxpayer and free from the inconvenience of leaving it to the discretion of judges to stop the entire collection of taxes, or of a class of taxes, by injunction.
Probably if a court had been applied to in due time, it would (113) by mandamus have required a uniform assessment.
The difficulty calls on the Legislature for its deliberate consideration. In the meanwhile we have to consider the right of the plaintiffs to the particular remedy they have sought. They put it on the ground that although the tax is illegal, yet a sale of their land under it would be a cloud upon their title. This must be admitted, since it is by no means clear that a sale under the tax levy would not pass a good title to the purchaser, for a part of the tax is certainly owing, and the plaintiffs have paid nothing. To prevent either irreparable injury, which would be the result of a sale if valid, or a doubt upon the title, which would be the result of a sale not clearly invalid, is an ordinary ground of relief by injunction.
We think it must be assumed that the plaintiffs are injured to some extent by the omission to tax the stocks of merchants. The rate of taxation on land may have been increased somewhat by reason of the omission. At all events, if the tax on sales had been fixed at the rate it *Page 76 was, and also a tax levied on the stock of goods, which it was competent for the city to do, it is evident that the tax on land might have been less than it was, for the necessities of the city required a certain sum which could be drawn from the sources of land, personal property, and sales; and whatever was omitted from one must be added to the burden on one or both the others.
We are aware that there are cases which hold that a party is not entitled to an injunction against the collection of a tax on the ground that it is not uniform, and that some property liable to taxation has been even purposely and illegally omitted from the levy. Muscatine v.(114) Mississippi, etc. 1 Dillon C. C., 537. But as long as the case of Huggins v. Hinson, above cited, is recognized as law, if a party so injured has no remedy by injunction, he has none at all. We think that in a case otherwise proper he would be entitled to an injunction.
There is, however, a difficulty in granting it in the present case which is insuperable. It is a familiar maxim that he who seeks equity must do equity; that is, before he can seek an injunction against a debt, he must pay so much of it as he shows to be due. This rule is supported in its application to cases like the present, by many decided cases. In High on Injunctions, sec. 363, it is said: "Where complainant has not paid that portion of the tax which is clearly valid, to which no objection is offered, and which can easily be distinguished from the illegal, the injunction will be denied, since the collection of a legal tax will not be restrained to prevent the enforcement of an illegal one. (16 Wis. 185.) And the bill itself must show what portion of the tax is legal, and what illegal, in order that the court may properly discriminate between them." (16 Mich. 176.) Cooley on Taxation, p. 536.
In the present case the land of the plaintiffs is confessedly liable to taxation. Their complaint contains data from which the illegal excess of the tax levy might be at least approximately ascertained, or if other data were needed, they might be found in the municipal records. Yet they have not paid any portion of the tax, and ask the Court to enjoin the collection of the whole, to the great detriment of the city and the confusion of its affairs. We think the plaintiffs are not entitled to the extraordinary relief demanded, and as that is the only relief demanded, their action must be dismissed.
PER CURIAM. Action dismissed.
Cited: Lemly v. Commissioners, 85 N.C. 383; Halcombe v. Commissioners,89 N.C. 348; Covington v. Rockingham, 93 N.C. 141; R. R. v. Lewis,99 N.C. 64; Redmond v. Commissioners, 106 N.C. 129; Guilford v. Georgia,112 N.C. 36; Moore v. Sugg, id., 235; Howell v. Howell, 151 N.C. 579. *Page 77
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