This action is prosecuted by the plaintiff (517) against the defendants for the recovery of the land described in the complaint. The defendants, in their answer, denied the plaintiff's title. The plaintiff introduced the original entry book of Sampson County, containing the following entries: "12 May, 1791. No. 256. Arch Carraway enters 200 acres of land on Rye Branch, adjoining Elizabeth Bass line." Grant from the State to Arch Carraway, Grant Book "B," p. 27, reading as follows: "No. 417. Arch Carraway, 200 acres. This grant to Arch Carraway for 200 acres of land are in same form as the aforesaid registered grant in this book, pages 1 and 2, only the persons named and the various courses of the same, to-wit" (then follows a description of the land by metes and bounds). "At New Bern, 1 January, in the seventeenth year of our independence and in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three. (Then follows the signature of the Governor and Secretary of State. This grant is registered 10 March, 1798)." Defendants objected, upon the ground that the registration was imperfect, that the registrar should have copied the entire grant instead of a part of it, and referring to the registry of other grants for the evidence. Plaintiff then offered in evidence the grant referred to in the Carraway grant, which is the first grant in said book and registered in full; the others are *Page 376 registered like the Carraway grant, by reference to said first grant. Said first grant was admitted to be correct in form and correctly registered. The objection was overruled, and the defendants excepted. We think the objection was properly overruled and that the registration was sufficient.
The plaintiffs then introduced deeds showing a chain of title from Carraway to Richard Warren, and the will of Richard Warren devising the land to Hester Weeks and her children.
It was in evidence that Hester Weeks and her children (518) resided on the land in controversy until the execution of the deed to Brittain A. Edwards, 1 June, 1863. The plaintiff, by way of estoppel, and for the purpose of attacking the same, offered in evidence a deed from Hester Weeks and her children to Brittain A. Edwards, dated 1 June, 1863. This deed is signed by Hester Weeks and all of her children, except Betsy Ann Raynor. At the time of executing said deed, Susan Catherine Williford, Phoebe Williford and Marry J. Jones were married women; they were not privily examined touching their execution of the deed. Minta Tew was a widow and more than twenty-one years of age. The jury found upon the issues submitted to them that Martha Weeks and Hester C. Weeks were also minors at the time of executing said deed. It was admitted that the plaintiff Sampson Weeks was a minor at the time he signed said deed. This deed was probated and registered upon the oath and examination of the subscribing witnesses thereto. There was evidence tending to show that the defendants claimed portions of said land under Brittain A. Edwards. The complaint does not set out what portions of said land were claimed by the several defendants, nor does their answer throw any light upon this question. Much confusion grows out of the indefinite allegations in the pleadings. The complaint should have set out in full the tracts of land of which the several defendants were in possession. We are not sure that in the confused condition in which this record is sent to us we have been able to fully understand and pass upon the large number of exceptions. As the case must be sent back for a new trial, we think, upon the pleadings being properly amended, many of the exceptions now in the record will not again be presented. For the purpose of deciding such questions as are fairly presented, we understand the condition of the title to be as follows: (519) The land in controversy belonged to Hester Weeks for life, with remainder to her eight children, by virtue of the will of Richard Warren, as construed by the court in partition proceedings. On 1 June, 1863, Hester Weeks and seven of her eight children executed a deed for said land to Brittain A. Edwards, *Page 377 one daughter, Betsy Ann Raynor, not joining therein. At the time of the execution of this deed three of her daughters were married women, and as to them, no privy examination being taken, the deed is void. Two of the daughters were minors; one daughter, Minta Tew, a widow, more than twenty-one years of age. Her interest therefore passed under the deed and need not be considered. The plaintiff Sampson Weeks was a minor. The three undivided shares of the married women are eliminated, the deed being, as to them, void.
It appears from the record that Hester C. Weeks has, since the date of the deed, intermarried with Asher McCullen. Her age at the time of her marriage does not appear. Martha Weeks is still a feme sole. Upon these facts Brittain A. Edwards took the life estate of Hester Weeks and the one-eighth undivided interest of Minta M. Tew. As to the married women, the deed was void. In respect to the shares of Sampson Weeks, Martha Weeks and Hester C. McCullen, the deed was voidable upon their arriving at full age. Hester Weeks, the life tenant, died 10 July, 1896. On 1 June, 1899, all of the living children, together with the heirs of Susan Williford, deceased, executed a deed conveying the land to plaintiff Sampson Weeks. We find in said deed the following language: "And the parties of the first part do hereby disaffirm and repudiate a certain paper writing, purporting to be a conveyance of a portion of the land described in said will to one Brittain Edwards, dated 1 June, 1863, and registered in Book 35, p. 398, in the registry of Sampson County."
The plaintiff testified that he was thirty-five years old (520) at the date of the deed made to the defendant J. T. Wilkins, 1 October, 1891. He was asked if he knew about that and other trades in regard to the land, and whether he ever objected or warned purchasers. These questions were asked with a view to showing that plaintiff's disaffirmance of the deed of 1863 to Edwards was not in a reasonable time and with a due regard to the rights of purchasers. The court intimated that it would hold that mere silence on the part of those in remainder during the continuance of the life estate did not amount to an affirmance. The plaintiff was asked if he knew of any acts done on the land in the nature of waste. He replied that he thought McPhail cut some sawmill logs and that he hauled some of these logs by team, and that Daughtry cleared some of the land, but that clearing up the land improved it; that he never objected to such acts. The defendants contended that the deed from the children of Hester Weeks to the plaintiff was void as to two of them, upon the ground of fraud in the factum. His Honor ruled that, upon all of the testimony, there was no evidence, competent to be considered *Page 378 by the jury, to sustain this allegation, and we concur with him therein. The only question which we are unable to decide from this record is presented by his Honor's instruction, as follows: "As to the share of Sampson M. Weeks, the plaintiff, it being admitted that he was not twenty-one years old at the time he signed said deed, the plaintiff's right to recover that share depends upon his affirmance of said deed after becoming of full age. If the plaintiff, by acts, conduct or words, affirmed or ratified said deed after becoming of full age, then, of course, he cannot recover; but mere silence on the part of a remainderman, unaccompanied by acts or words tending to show affirmance during the continuance of a life estate, will not of itself amount to an affirmance; and failure to bring suit against parties in (521) possession during the continuance of a life estate is not an affirmance, and the court charges you that a delay of less than three years, as in this case, after the termination of the life estate, unaccompanied by acts, conduct or words, is not an affirmance. . . . An act of disaffirmance must be clear, positive and unequivocal, and must indicate clearly their intention to disaffirm and repudiate said deed. The commencement of an action to recover the land, as in this case, is such an act of disaffirmance, and the subsequent conveyance of the land described in the original deed, with knowledge of its purpose and effect, is likewise such an act of disaffirmance."
We take it to be well settled in this State that the deed of an infant, operating as it does under our registration laws by transmutation of possession, is voidable, and not void. Hogan v. Strayhorn, 65 N.C. 279;McCormic v. Leggett, 53 N.C. 425; Ward v. Anderson, 111 N.C. 115; Coxv. McGowan, 116 N.C. 131; Kent Com., 236; 1 Devlin on Deeds, 86. We do not find in the record any evidence of acts on the part of Sampson Weeks amounting to an affirmance, and his Honor would have been justified in so saying to the jury. The institution of this action is a clear disaffirmance, as his Honor told the jury. The defendants, however, asked the court to instruct the jury that such disaffirmance must be within a reasonable time after the plaintiff reached his majority. He was of the opinion, and so instructed the jury, that in view of the existence of the outstanding life estate of Hester Weeks, the action brought within three years after her death was within the time prescribed by law. The defendants excepted, and this exception presents the question which must be decided by us.
This Court has not, so far as the brief and argument of (522) counsel and our own investigation show, decided the question as to when an infant, after arriving at his majority, *Page 379 must disaffirm his deed. The only case approaching it is Deweyv. Burbank, 77 N.C. 260, in which it is said that after his reaching his majority he may avoid or confirm it, and that continuing to reside on the land and paying a part of the purchase money (he being in that case the purchaser) amounts to an election to ratify. The author of Devlin on Deeds, Vol. I, sec. 91, after discussing the authorities, says: "The most reasonable rule seems to be that the right of disaffirmance should be exercised within a reasonable time after the infant attains his majority, or else his neglect to avail himself of this privilege should be deemed an acquiescence and affirmation on his part of his conveyance. The law considers his contract a voidable one, on account of its tender solicitude for his rights and the fear that he may be imposed upon in his bargain. But he is certainly afforded ample protection by allowing him a reasonable time after he reaches his majority to determine whether he will abide by his conveyance, executed while he was a minor, or will disaffirm it. And it is no more than just and reasonable that if he silently acquiesces in his deed and makes no effort to express his dissatisfaction with his act, he should, after the lapse of a reasonable time, dependent upon circumstances, be considered as fully ratifying it." We think this is a just and reasonable rule. It is sustained by a large number of well-considered cases. Clinev. Bebee, 6 Conn. 494, in which Hosmer, C. J., says: "A ratification of the contract has often been inferred from the silence of the infant after his arrival at full age, coupled with his retaining possession of the consideration or availing himself in any manner of his conveyance. . . . The omission to disaffirm a contract within a reasonable time has been held sufficient evidence of a ratification." Bigelow v. Kenny, 3 Vt. 353; 21 Am. Dec., 589; Searcy v. Hunter, 81 Tex. 644; 26 (523) Am. Rep., 837. In Blankenship v. Stout, 25 Ill. 132, it is held that a conveyance of real estate by an infant must be disaffirmed within three years after his arrival of full age; Caton, C. J., saying: "It is of the greatest importance that the common assurance of the country be rendered as certain as possible. Purchasers should be able to know, after ascertaining the facts, whether they can purchase a good title or not . . . This end is essentially promoted by fixing a definite limit within which a conveyance made by an infant shall be repudiated after he attains his majority. Although the tenth section of the statute . . . does not in terms apply to such cases, yet we are disposed to adopt the limitation there prescribed for the bringing of an action by an infant after he attains his majority, as a reasonable time within which he should repudiate a conveyance of *Page 380 real estate executed by him while an infant." Tyler on Infancy, 70. InBigelow v. Kinney, supra, it was held that disaffirmance eleven years after majority was not within a reasonable time. Drake v. Ramsey, 5 Ohio, 252.
While we have no statute fixing the time within which an infant is required to disaffirm his conveyance, we think that, upon the reason of the thing and in consonance with the policy of the law which seeks to quiet titles and encourage improvement of real estate, the infant should exercise his election within a reasonable time. The statute gives him three years after arrival at majority within which to bring his action against a disseisor. It seems to us that the same time, by analogy, should be fixed as the period within which he should determine whether he will disaffirm his deed.
But it is said that Mrs. Hester Weeks owned the life estate, and that, pending such estate, he had no right of action to sue for the possession of the land. We do not think this (524) material. His right to disaffirm his deed was entirely independent of his right to the possession of the land. He could easily have disaffirmed by returning the purchase money or by some other unequivocal act which would have put innocent purchasers on notice. He could have brought his action to remove a cloud from his title, under Laws 1893, ch. 6. He was, according to his testimony, thirty-four years of age in 1894, and therefore reached his majority in 1879. At the time of the institution of this action he was thirty-nine years of age. He should, we think, have disaffirmed his deed within three years after he arrived at his majority.
The record before us illustrates the injustice which may be done by permitting an infant to remain quiescent for an unlimited time before doing some act which puts innocent purchasers on notice of a defect in their title. This land has been divided into five parcels, and as many persons have purchased, paid for, and, it seems, some of them, with the knowledge of the plaintiff, have cleared and improved it. Eighteen years after his majority, the plaintiff, for a nominal consideration, buys the interests of his brothers and sisters, and brings this action, thus disturbing the rights of innocent purchasers and recovering not only the land, but the rents and profits in excess of the amount paid by him for it. A stronger illustration of the wisdom of the law which seeks to quiet titles can hardly be found. His Honor should have charged the jury that the plaintiff Sampson Weeks could not recover in respect to his one-eighth undivided interest.
There is no evidence in the record in regard to the age of Martha Weeks. Her conveyance to Sampson is a clear disaffirmance. *Page 381 Whether it was made within the three years after reaching her majority we are unable to see. It does not appear when Hester Weeks was born or when she married. Whether her disaffirmance is in time will depend upon these facts. (525) If she became covert before reaching her majority, she is not barred of her right.
The record contains a number of admissions which should be incorporated in the judgment. As a new trial must be had, we think that the complaint should be reformed so as to contain "a plain and concise statement of the facts constituting the cause of action," and the defendants be permitted to answer. It would seem that, in view of the number of parties and interests involved, and the complicated questions of fact to be settled, a reference would expedite the final determination of the controversy.
We have not noted and decided many of the exceptions, because upon a new trial they may not and should not arise. There seems to be no doubt that the title vested in Mrs. Weeks for life, remainder to her children, and that all of the defendants claim under them through Brittain Edwards. It seems equally clear that the defendants own the share of Minta M. Tew, and, under our decision, of Sampson Weeks, and that the plaintiff owns the shares of Betsy Raynor and the married sisters who signed the Edwards deed, but of whom no privy examination was had. This leaves the shares of Martha Weeks and Hester McCullen open for adjustment, upon the facts as they may be shown, according to the principles we have attempted to lay down. We think that the judgment against the defendant for rents and profits should be reversed. The facts are not found upon which the amount of their liability depends. The case, it would seem, should go to a referee to settle these questions. When the rights of the parties are ascertained, a decree should be so drawn that it will quiet the title. Weeks v. McPhail,128 N.C. 131.
Error.
Cited: Gaskins v. Allen, 137 N.C. 430; Weeks v. Wilkins, 139 N.C. 215. *Page 382
(526)