United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
October 19, 2004
FIFTH CIRCUIT
_______________________
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 03-41305
_______________________
JOHN BOTT,
Plaintiff,
versus
J.F. SHEA CO., INC. And SHEA/KEEFE,
Defendants - Third Party Plaintiffs - Appellees,
versus
GULF COAST GROUTING, INC.,
Third Party Defendant - Appellant.
______________________________________________________________________________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
______________________________________________________________________________
Before SMITH, WIENER and PICKERING, Circuit Judges.
PICKERING, Circuit Judge.
OVERVIEW
This case involves the failure of a subcontractor, Gulf Coast Grouting, Inc., (“Gulf
Coast”), to obtain an insurance policy indemnifying the prime contractor, Shea/Keefe, a joint
venture, from liability claims arising from the performance of the subcontract entered into
between the parties. Shea/Keefe was a joint venture formed by J.F. Shea Company, Inc., (“J.F.
Shea”) and L.J. Keefe Company in which J.F. Shea was an eighty percent owner of the joint
venture and L.J. Keefe owned the other twenty percent. J.F. Shea was the managing partner of
the joint venture and administered the subcontract with Gulf Coast. The subcontract required
Gulf Coast to procure insurance to indemnify the joint venture from liability and specifically
provided that the additional insured was to be Shea/Keefe, the joint venture. However, the
contract administrator for Shea/Keefe used J.F. Shea forms that directed Gulf Coast to obtain
insurance naming J.F. Shea as the additional insured. Gulf Coast obtained insurance coverage in
compliance with the directive of Shea/Keefe’s contract administrator, but contrary to the
subcontract requirement. This factual overview forms the background for this litigation
PROCEEDINGS BELOW
After Gulf Coast’s performance under the subcontract was completed, a personal injury
suit was brought by John Bott (“Bott”), an employee of Gulf Coast, against contractors
Shea/Keefe and J.F. Shea for personal injuries he suffered while working for the subcontractor.
After Bott filed suit, J.F. Shea and Shea/Keefe joined Gulf Coast and Gulf Coast’s insurance
carrier, Mid-Continent Casualty Company (Mid-Continent”) as third-party defendants and filed a
third-party complaint against Gulf Coast seeking indemnity under the Subcontract Agreement
(“subcontract”), or, in the alternative, for breach of contract.
Shea/Keefe settled the personal injury suit with Bott. Thereafter, all parties filed cross-
motions for summary judgment on the indemnity issue and on the additional insured coverage
issue involving Mid-Continent. The parties consented to trial before a magistrate judge who
denied the cross-motions on indemnity but granted Mid-Continent’s motion on lack of coverage.
He then scheduled the matter for a jury trial to allocate negligence between Shea/Keefe and Gulf
Coast. The jury determined that Bott’s injuries were the result of the sole negligence and willful
misconduct of Shea/Keefe, rendering the indemnity provision inapplicable.
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Thereafter, Shea/Keefe filed a motion for summary judgment against Gulf Coast alleging a
breach of the subcontract for Gulf Coast’s failure to procure insurance naming Shea/Keefe as an
additional insured under the Mid-Continent policy. Gulf Coast responded with a cross-motion for
summary judgment asserting affirmative defenses of quasi-estoppel and waiver, among others.
The magistrate judge denied Shea/Keefe’s motion but granted Gulf Coast’s motion on the
basis of quasi-estoppel. Shea/Keefe and J.F. Shea appealed the district court’s rulings and a
different panel of this court affirmed the granting of Mid-Continent’s motion on coverage but
reversed the granting of Gulf Coast’s motion on quasi-estoppel grounds. See Bott v. J.F. Shea
Co., Inc., 299 F.3d 508 (5th Cir. 2002). The panel held that while quasi-estoppel is a recognized
equitable defense under Texas law, Gulf Coast had an adequate remedy at law in that the facts of
the case “set up a claim for waiver and not estoppel.” Id. at 513.
On remand, the parties re-filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district court
granted Shea/Keefe’s motion and denied Gulf Coast’s. The court concluded that there were no
fact issues concerning Gulf Coast’s waiver or other affirmative defenses and that the court was
precluded from finding estoppel under the law of the case as established by the prior appeal to this
court. In reaching the conclusion that waiver was not applicable, the magistrate judge observed
that waiver requires a finding of intentionality. He then concluded that because this court had
previously characterized Shea/Keefe’s behavior as negligent, Gulf Coast could not prove
intentional conduct that would constitute waiver. Gulf Coast appealed both the granting of
Shea/Keefe’s motion for summary judgment and the denial of its own motion for summary
judgment. Concluding that the district court erred, we Reverse the summary judgment granted to
Appellees, J.F. Shea and Shea/Keefe, and Render judgment to Appellant, Gulf Coast, on its
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motion for summary judgment.
UNDERLYING FACTS
The City of Houston awarded a bid for five simultaneous sewer construction projects to
the joint venture of Shea/Keefe. In 1996, Shea/Keefe and J.F. Shea began negotiations with Gulf
Coast to perform a portion of the work under a subcontract. There is no evidence in the record
to indicate that insurance requirements were a part of the negotiations. On December 3, 1996,
Bonnie L. Senkowski, the contract administrator for Shea/Keefe and J.F. Shea,1 sent a letter to
Gulf Coast, enclosing instructions on obtaining insurance coverage and instructing Gulf Coast to
send the instructions to Gulf Coast’s insurance carrier. Gulf Coast sent the instructions to its
agent, Turner & Associates in Tecumseh, Oklahoma.
The December 3d letter also stated that an executed certificate of insurance confirming the
required coverage in conformity with the instructions was to be provided to Shea/Keefe prior to
the commencement of work by Gulf Coast. The instructions forwarded to Turner & Associates
required that “J.F. Shea Co., Inc.” be named as an additional insured, not Shea/Keefe. Turner
issued an endorsement as directed by Shea/Keefe.
On January 24, 1997, the parties executed the Subcontract Agreement. A paragraph of
the Subcontract required that a certificate of insurance be provided prior to the commencement of
the work by Gulf Coast. This paragraph of the subcontract further provided that the additional
insured under the certificate of insurance was to be the “Contractor.” This particular paragraph
1
Even though the parties refer to Ms. Senkowski as the contract administrator for Shea/Keefe, the
executed Subcontract Agreement refers to her as the contract administrator for J.F. Shea Co., Inc. Apparently, she
was acting in that capacity for both J.F. Shea and the joint venture, Shea/Keefe.
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did not identify the “Contractor,” although “Shea/Keefe (a joint venture)” was identified in the
opening lines of the subcontract as the “Contractor.” However, the subcontract was executed on
page ten by “Contractor: J.F. Shea Co., Inc.”2
The first certificate of insurance which named J.F. Shea Co., Inc., as an additional insured
was issued by Turner & Associates on February 11, 1997. It was sent to Bonnie Senkowski.
There was no objection from Shea/Keefe to this certificate. On or about September 24, 1997,
with the renewal of the prior policy, a second certificate of insurance was forwarded to Bonnie
Senkowski. This certificate again named J.F. Shea Co., Inc. as an additional insured, to which,
again, there was no objection from Shea/Keefe.
Bott was injured on or about February 9, 1998, some three and one-half months after the
second insurance certificate was issued. Gulf Coast ultimately completed its work under the
subcontract and was paid in full prior to Bott’s filing suit. Shea/Keefe did not object to the fact
that J.F. Shea Co., Inc., was named as the additional insured rather than Shea/Keefe until after
Bott filed suit.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Review of the district court’s grant of summary judgment is de novo applying the same
standards as the district court. Performance Autoplex II Ltd. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 322
F.3d 847, 853 (5th Cir. 2003). Summary judgment should be granted only when there is “no
genuine issue as to any material fact[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (c); Wyatt v. Hunt Plywood Co., 297
2
The subcontract was signed by Bonnie L. Senkowski as the “Contract Administrator” for “Contractor:
J.F. Shea Co., Inc.”
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F.3d 405, 408-09 (5th Cir. 2002). The summary judgment standard calls for the court to review
the evidence and the inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party. Daniels v. City of Arlington, Tex., 246 F.3d 500, 502 (5th Cir. 2001)(cert. denied
534 U.S. 951 , 122 S.Ct. 347 , 151 L.Ed.2d 262 (2001)).
ANALYSIS
Gulf Coast does not contest that it failed to comply with the subcontract’s requirement
that it obtain insurance naming Shea/Keefe as an additional insured. Having failed in its quasi-
estoppel argument, however, Gulf Coast now defends its conduct on the ground that Shea/Keefe
waived its contractual rights when Bonnie Senkowski gave erroneous instructions to Gulf Coast
on the procurement of insurance; Shea/Keefe received two non-conforming certificates without
objection; and then, Shea/Keefe allowed Gulf Coast to start and complete the project prior to any
complaint about the deficiency.
Under Texas law “[w]aiver is an intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional
conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.” Sun Exploration and Production Co. v. Benton,
728 S.W.2d 35, 37 (Tex. 1987).3 “Waiver is largely a matter of intent, and for implied waiver to
be found through a party’s actions, intent must be clearly demonstrated by the facts and
circumstances.” Jernigan v. Langley, 111 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tex. 2003)(per curiam).
“Silence or inaction, for so long a period as to show an intention to yield a known right, is
also enough to prove waiver.” Tenneco Inc. v. Enterprise Products Co., 925 S.W.2d 640, 643
3
Jurisdiction in this case was originally based on diversity, but now rests on supplemental jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1367. Thus, we apply the substantive law of Texas. See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S.
64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938).
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(Tex. 1996) (other citation omitted). Additionally, “an obligee may waive the obligor’s
requirement for strict compliance with the terms of the contract if the obligee expressly or
implicitly assents to the obligor’s nonconforming conduct.” Fairfield Financial Group, Inc. v.
Gawerc, 814 S.W.2d 204, 209 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.], 1991, no writ).
Waiver is generally a question of fact, except where the facts and circumstances are either
admitted or clearly established. Tenneco, 925 S.W.2d at 643. “[T]he issue of waiver becomes a
matter of law only where material facts and circumstances are undisputed or clearly established and
there is no room for argument or inference.” First Interstate Bank of Arizona, N.A. v. Interfund
Corp., 924 F.2d 588, 595 (5th Cir. 1991)(citing Herider Farms-El Paso Inc. v. Criswell, 519
S.W.2d 473, 478 (Tex.Civ.App.-El Paso, 1975, writ ref’d n.r.e.)).
Shea/Keefe argues that the non-waiver provision of Section 11 of the subcontract is
conclusive proof that the insurance requirement was not waived. That section provides, in
pertinent part, that
Contractor’s failure to enforce any of the provisions of this Section
11 shall not act as a waiver of Subcontractor’s obligation to procure
the required insurance or as a waiver to the enforcement of any of
these provisions at a later date.
Texas courts consider a contract’s non-waiver clause to be “some evidence of non-waiver,” but
not a substantive bar to finding that a particular provision was indeed waived. Enserch Corp. v.
Rebich, 925 S.W.2d 75, 82 (Tex. App.-Tyler, 1996, writ dism’d by agr.).
Gulf Coast also argues that the insurance requirement was a condition precedent to its
performance under the contract, and Shea/Keefe’s failure to enforce its right (to terminate the
contract) for the failure of Gulf Coast to comply with the precondition (requiring the insurance
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before performance) is further evidence of the waiver of the insurance requirement. Not only did
Shea/Keefe allow Gulf Coast to start work without the required insurance, but it allowed Gulf
Coast to complete the work and paid Gulf Coast in full without the required insurance. “A
condition precedent is an event that must happen,or be performed, before a right can accrue to
enforce an obligation.” See Centex Corp. v. Dolton, 840 S.W.2d 952, 956 (Tex. 1992).
The doctrine of condition precedent is ordinarily invoked to show that there was no
contract to be breached since a condition necessary to its formation did not occur. See, e.g.,
McMahon v. Greenwood, 108 S.W.3d 467, 484 (Tex. App.-Hous. (14 Dist.), 2003, pet. denied).
To invoke the doctrine in the manner asserted by Gulf Coast as a defense to a breach is unusual.
Nevertheless, we note that “[a] condition precedent may be waived, Kennedy v. McMullen, 39
S.W.2d 168, 174 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont, 1931, writ ref’d), and the waiver of a condition
precedent may be inferred from the party’s conduct.” Sun Exploration, 728 S.W.2d at 37(citing
Ames v. Great Southern Bank, 672 S.W.2d 447, 449 (Tex. 1984)).
Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the undisputed facts in this case
establish as a matter of law that Shea/Keefe waived the insurance requirement both by “intentional
conduct inconsistent with claiming [the] right” to have Shea/Keefe named as an additional insured,
Sun Exploration, 728 S.W.2d at 37, and by its “[s]ilence and inaction, for so long a period as to
show an intention to yield” the right to have Shea/Keefe named as an additional insured. Tenneco,
925 S.W.2d at 643.
Gulf Coast also appeals the denial of several other affirmative defenses it raised in the
district court. Based on the disposition of the case on the waiver issue, it is not necessary that we
address these, and we decline to do so.
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CONCLUSION
We Reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Shea/Keefe on the issue of
waiver and Render a take nothing judgment in favor of Gulf Coast on its motion for summary
judgment on the same issue.
REVERSED AND RENDERED.
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