It is agreed that at an election for the office of Treasurer of Gaston County on the 19th day of April, 1868, M. J. Aydlotte was duly elected Treasurer and regularly qualified and inducted into office; that on the 1st November, 1869, the said Aydlotte tendered his resignation to the Board of Commissioners of said County, which was accepted; that afterwards, on the same day, the said Board of Commissioners appointed the defendant to fill the vacancy in said office of County Treasurer, who gave the bonds required by law, and was duly inducted into said office; that in compliance with the law requiring the County Treasurer annually to renew his official bonds, the defendant tendered to the Commissioners elected in August, 1870, good and sufficient bonds which they refused to accept because they held that his term of office had expired: that an election for County Treasurer was held on the 4th of August, 1870, in said County, when Emanuel Aderholt, the plaintiff, received the largest number of legal votes, and was declared by the Board of Commissioners duly elected Treasurer of said County; that on the 1st Monday in September, 1870, the plaintiff was regularly qualified and filed his bond as required by law, which bond was (258) approved and accepted by the Board of Commissioners; that on the said 1st Monday of September, 1870, the defendant was the incumbent of the said office by virtue of his appointment as aforesaid, and still is the actual incumbent, claiming that the term of his office is yet unexpired; that plaintiff has duly demanded of the defendant the said office with its effects which the defendant has refused to surrender.
Upon this case agreed, his Honor gave judgment for the defendant, and the plaintiff appealed. The defendant being appointed to fill a vacancy, holds for the unoccupied term of his predecessor.
The Constitution, under the head "Municipal Corporations," Art. 7, provides for the election biennially in each County of a Treasurer, Register of Deeds, etc. No distinction is made in this article, in regard to officers elected at the first election — they fall under the general rule and hold for two years, unless an exception is made in respect to them by some other article.
It is said this result is affected by art. 4, sec. 32. "The officers elected at the first election under this Constitution shall hold their office for the terms prescribed for them respectively, next ensuing after the next regular election for members of the General Assembly. But their terms shall begin upon the approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United States."
It seems clear, that the terms of officers elected at the first election to offices provided for by this article, have an extension, both at the beginning and at the end.
No reason appears, on the face of the instrument, for making the latter extension; Yet such is the law, because it is so written. This conclusion rests on a dry question of law, as a rule of (259) construction, of the very words of the Constitution — taken literally and strictly. Of course we are not inclined to extend this strict construction to cases which do not expressly come within its operation. We hold there is no extension of the terms of the officers elected at the first election under Art. 7, "Municipal Corporations," because in respect to them, it is not so written, and there is no reason for such extension appearing on the face of the Constitution. An examination of the entire instrument shows that the framers intended each article to be exclusive and complete within itself, and the reference made in some to another article, (obviously to avoid a repetition of words,) excludes the idea of any reference by implication of one article to another, on the maxim "expressiounius exclusio alterius."
For instance, article 2, "Legislative Department," fixes the number of the members of the General Assembly, term of office, two years — first regular election to be held on the first Thursday in August, 1870, but the first election shall be held when the vote is taken on the ratification of the Constitution, and the General Assembly then elected shall meet on the fifteenth day after the approval of the Constitution — and the members elected at the first election shall hold their seats until their successors are elected at a regular election. So this article is exclusive and complete within itself. See opinion of Chief Justice and *Page 198 Justice Dick, given at the request of the General Assembly as to tenure of office, 64 N.C. 785 appendix.
Art. 3. "Executive Department" fixes the executive officer's term of office four years, to commence on the 1st day of January next, after their election. Provided that the officers elected at the first election, shall assume the duties of their office ten days after the approval of the Constitution, and shall hold their offices from and after the first day of January, 1869. So, this Article is exclusive and complete within itself. Art. 4. "Judicial Department" fixes the officer's term of office. (260) The terms of the officers elected at the first election, to begin upon the approval of the Constitution and to continue for the terms prescribed for them respectively, next ensuing after the next regular election for members of the General Assembly. Thus by an express reference to Art. 3, making this Article exclusive and complete.
Art. 7. "Municipal Corporations" fixes the County officers' terms of office two years, but in no wise, either in direct words or by reference to any other article, is an exception made to the general rule, in respect to officers elected at the first election. Indeed, the idea of an implied reference to Art. 4, sec. 32, is made repugnant by the clause in that section. "But their terms shall begin upon the approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United States," and the fact that Art. 7 makes no provision for the election of County officers before the approval of the Constitution by Congress.
It would be a strained construction to imply an extention of the terms of municipal officers, either at the beginning or the end, in the absence of any reason for it, appearing on the face of the Constitution, or of express reference to some other article.
We take it, that the words, "by the qualified voters thereof as provided for the election of members of the General Assembly," relates merely to details. But if any other operation be allowed to them it will regulate the terms according to Art. 3, sec. 29, and fix the termination at the next regular election, for members of the General Assembly, on the 1st Thursday in August, 1870.
Judgment reversed, and judgment for plaintiff, as demanded in the complaint.
Per curiam.
Judgment reversed.
Cited: Loftin v. Sowers, 65 N.C. 255. *Page 199
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