In the second count, the indictment charged, "that the said Barna Jernigan, on the day and year aforesaid, and at the county aforesaid, one other male slave named Amos, of the value of fifty shillings; and the property of one John Coor Pender, of the said county, feloniously didseduce, take and carry away, with an intention the said slave Amos to appropriate to his own use, contrary to the act of the General Assembly in such case made and provided, entitled `An act to prevent the stealing of slaves, or by violence, seduction or any other means, taking or carrying away any slave or slaves, the property of another, and for other purposes therein mentioned,' and against the peace and dignity of the State."
The prisoner was found guilty; and it being asked why sentence of death should not be pronounced against him, Gaston, Stanley and Mordecai shewed for cause, that upon the first count in the indictment, the prisoner was entitled to the benefit of clergy; for that the offence set forth in that count is not specified in the particular words of the Statute, (14) and is to be considered a larceny at common law: and that the second and third counts do not specify the offence in the particular words of the statute, and that the offence charged in the said counts, is not indictable at common law, and therefore no judgment can be pronounced against the prisoner upon these counts. And the prisoner having *Page 17 appealed from the decision of the Court below upon these reasons. The prisoner has been tried and convicted of an offence described in an act of the General Assembly passed in 1779, entitled "An act to prevent the stealing of slaves, or by violence, seduction or any other means, taking or conveying away slaves the property of another, and for other purposes therein mentioned." The words of the second section under which the offence arises, are, "that any person or persons who shall hereafter steal, or shall by violence, seduction or any other means take or carry away any slave or slaves the property of another, with an intent to sell or dispose of to another, or appropriate to his own use, such slave or slaves, c., going on to describe another crime, and concluding with annexing the punishment of death to the several offences so specified."
The indictment contains three counts. The first, charges the prisoner with stealing the slave Amos, the property of John Coor Pender, and concludes against the form of the Statute — The second charges that the prisoner did seduce, take and carry away the slave, with an intention to appropriate him to his own use — The third court differs from the second, by charging the intention of the prisoner to have been, to sell and dispose of the slave. These counts also conclude against the form of the Statute.
It has been contended by the prisoner's counsel, that the benefit of clergy is not taken away by a conviction on the first count, because the stealing is not described as (15) having been accompanied with either of those intentions, to-wit, to appropriate to his own use, or to sell or dispose of to another, which the Legislature has thought fit to connect with the crime; and, further, that the act being highly penal, ought to receive a strict construction, and on the side of lenity. On the two last counts it is alleged, that the indictment has departed from the words of the statute, in using the verb "did steal," instead of the substantive "seduction:" in charging that the prisoner "did seduce and take away," instead of charging that "he took the slave away by seduction."
The several objections and arguments offered on behalf of the prisoner, have been deliberated upon under a full sense of the awful consequences of our decision, and with all the care and attention which were justly due to the ability with which they were urged. But as in a general finding, judgment may be awarded, if any one count in the indictment be good, we shall forbear to give any opinion upon the two last counts, believing *Page 18 that the crime is properly described in the first, according to the words of the statute and its obvious meaning.
It has been argued, that whenever a statute renders an act, which was criminal at common law, more penal when done under particular circumstances, the indictment must specify the offence as it is described in the statute, otherwise only the common law judgment can be awarded by the Court. Numerous authorities prove the soundness of this position, and its inviolate observance is of vital importance to the security of the citizen. But it is not perceived, that the offence of stealing a slave, is described in the statute, by any circumstances or characteristics not appertaining to it at common law. The design of the act, as it is to be collected from the words, is two-fold, 1st, to punish the crime of stealing a slave with death, by taking away the benefit of clergy, to which the offender was entitled at common law; 2dly, to punish all other wrongful means of depriving an owner of his slave, whether by (16) force or fraud, if the act were accompanied with an intention to sell the slave, or to appropriate him to the taker's use. Under the several descriptions in the last head, acts might have been committed before the statute, certainly not amounting to felony; in some cases forming only a trespass, and others, a trespass which could only be redressed by a civil action. This kind of property was, however, exposed in a peculiar manner to the artifice and depredations of dishonest men; besides violence, to which it was liable, in common with other chattels, a slave, being a moral agent, might be addressed through the medium of his hopes and his fears, his passions and affections, and thus seduced or driven from the service of his owner, into that of the spoiler. It is evident, therefore, that additional legal sanctions became necessary to guard a property thus assailable; more especially, as the loss to the owner was as great as if he had been deprived of it in a felonious manner, and there was not less moral turpitude in the offender. Nor would many persons expose themselves to a prosecution for felony, clergiable as it was, when they could accomplish their dishonest purposes by means which were not even the subject of a criminal prosecution.
In this state of things the Legislature interposed, and what they meant to do, is clearly explained in the preamble of the act. "Whereas it is necessary that the pernicious practice of stealing, or otherwise carrying away slaves, the property of others, c." They then proceeded to specify the crimes and ascertain the punishment; in doing which, they place the other offences in the same grade of criminality with stealing, provided *Page 19 they partake of that indispensable ingredient of stealing,an intention to appropriate to the taker's use, or to sell ordispose of to another. When a statute employs terms of art, or technical terms, they must be taken according to the acceptation of the learned in each art, trade, or science. Were a Divine called upon to expound the eighth commandment, he might, with great propriety, explain stealing to signify any act of wrong, oppression or injustice, affecting the (17) property of another. But where a Lawyer defines it as the subject of municipal punishment, he is allowed only to call it, "the felonious taking and carrying away the personal goods of another," and that the sense of felonious is "Causa Lucri:" It is difficult to conceive, therefore, that the Legislature, enacting a law to be executed by the courts of justice, should have undertaken to describe by a wordy circumlocution, an offence familiarly known in the law for ages, by the use of a single word. The other offences described in the statute were not so known; nor would it have been just or wise to punish them with the severity of capital crimes, if they were unaccompanied with that essential quality of stealing, the Causa Lucri: because the property might have been taken by both means,without such intention, or even with the intention of restoring if after a time to the owner. To them, therefore, it relates, and to them alone; to the end that they might be punishable in the same manner with stealing. While this appears to be the rational construction of the law, it is not perceived to offer any violence to the grammatical one. The substantives "slave or slaves, the property of another," are governed equally by all the verbs, "steal, take, or carry away;" and though the sentence containing the two last verbs is divided from that containing the verb "steal" by the conjunction "or," yet it is by all same means connected in sense; so that "slave or slaves the property of another," are the objective case to all the verbs. In the language of grammarians, "person or persons" form the agent, "steal, take or carry away" the attribute, and "slave or slaves, the property of another," the object. This furnishes a subject for the word "steal" to operate upon; and hence the objection is obviated, that the act would make it a capital felony to steal anything. Still it is said, that the intention expressed in the act must be coupled with all the verbs, if the latter govern the words "slave or slaves." Reasons have been given to shew that such a construction is inadmissible upon ordinary principles; and it may be shewn that it (18) is inconsistent with the established rules of legal interpretation. *Page 20
The rule of grammar that words shall be referred to the next antecedent, has been adopted and enforced in the law from an early period, and has had a direct influence upon the decision of many cases. But much to the credit of the Sages of the Law, it has uniformly been received and practised upon, with its proper limit and qualifications, so as to fulfil the intention of the Legislature in civil matters, to ascertain the design of parties in private contracts, and to furnish a rational exposition of every instrument, public and private, that called for the judgment of a court. As a rule of legal construction, it stands thus, Proximo antecedenti fiat relatio, nisi impediatursententia; and in the various cases in which it has been introduced, it has been rendered instrumental towards affecting a right understanding of the subject, and rendering substantial justice. A man agrees to abide the award of J. S. who awards that he shall pay before such a feast ten pounds to another, and that then the other shall make him a release. The word then shall not be referred to the feast, but to the time of payment of the money. (Dyer 15, b.) The statute 32 Henry VIII. ordains that none shall buy right or titles in land, unless such persons have been in possession of it, or of the reversion or remainder of it, or have taken the rents and profits of it, for the space of one whole year next before. Here these words "by the space of one whole year," shall be referred only to the sentence next before, viz., to the taking the rents and profits. (Plowd. 107.) A case in Holt, 449, is shortly this. A mandamus was issued to restore John Freebody to the place of Burgess of a town, from which he had been ejected by the corporation. Part of the return on the mandamus was, that at such a time one SirJohn B. was Mayor, and that he assembled the rest of the Burgesses, and that the said John being summoned, c., the said John Freebody was removed by the said Mayor (19) and Burgesses. The counsel for the Corporation objected that the return was not good, for that it is," "the said John being summoned, c., the said John Freebody was removed," and the word "said" refers "Proximo antecedenti," and that is John the Mayor; so that John Freebody was summoned. But the Court held it well enough; for "said" shall refer to the next antecedent, if it does not break the sense, as here it would do.
From all the cases on this subject, the principle to be extracted is, that reference shall be made to the next antecedent, or not, accordingly as the sense and reason and justice of the *Page 21 thing require it. And this is the conclusion at which we had before arrived without the aid of decided cases.
The very question, however, before us has been decided in S. v. Hall,1 N.C. 168, by Judge Moore, whose opinions on every subject, but particularly on this, merit the highest respect. He was appointed Attorney-General, a short time after this act of Assembly was passed, and discharged for a series of years the arduous duties of that office in a manner that commanded the admiration and gratitude of his contemporaries. His profound knowledge of the criminal law was kept in continual exercise by a most varied and extensive practice, at a period when the passions of men had not yet subsided from the ferment of a civil war; and every grade of crime, incident to an unsettled society, made continual demand upon his acuteness. No one ever doubted his learning and penetration, or that while he enforced the law with an enlightened vigilance and untiring zeal, his energy was seasoned with humanity, leaving the innocent nothing to fear, and the guilty but little to hope. The opinion of such a man, delivered on an occasion the most solemn in which a Judge could act, where a doubt in him would have been life to the prisoner, assumes the authority of a contemporary exposition of the statute.
Cited: S. v. Haney, 19 N.C. 400; S. v. Gallimore, 29 N.C. 151; Adamsv. Turrentine, 30 N.C. 150. *Page 22 (21)