The defendant was convicted for the violation of the following paragraph which was inserted as an amendment in Revisal, 3361, by chapter 26, Laws 1913: "If any person, being married, shall contract a marriage with any other person outside of this State, which marriage would be punishable as bigamous if contracted within this State, and shall thereafter cohabit with such person in this State, he shall be guilty of a felony and punishable as in cases of bigamy."
On the trial the defendant admitted that he was first married to Lizzie V. Hunsucker in this State, who is still living, and that he afterwards obtained a divorce in Georgia and was married to Stella Taylor. The court ruled that the admission in regard to the divorce was a matter of defense to be proven by the defendant. He then put in evidence the transcript of a record from the Superior Court of Georgia purporting to be the record of the divorce proceedings of John R. Herron v. Lizzie V. Herron, and also certain sections of the laws of Georgia in regard to divorce, and rested.
The State offered evidence that the defendant had never been a resident of Georgia, but had maintained his residence in this State; that he had married said Stella in Georgia and afterwards removed to this State, and they had lived as man and wife in Asheville. The defendant then offered depositions that he was a resident of Georgia for twelve months preceding the beginning of divorce proceedings, as required by the laws of that State. *Page 800
Exceptions 1, 2, and 3 raise the question whether a decree of divorce can be attacked in a criminal action for bigamy in a State other than that in which the divorce was secured. In Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U.S. 882, after an exhaustive review of the law in the several States as to the faith and credit to be given to a decree of divorce in another State, ChiefJustice White said: "The mere domicile within the State of one party to the marriage does not give the courts of that State jurisdiction to render a decree of divorce enforcible in all the States by virtue of the full faith and credit clause of the Federal Constitution against a nonresident who did not appear and was only constructively served with notice of the pendency of the action."
Chief Justice White, in classifying the States in respect to the degree of credit which they accord to decrees of divorce in other States, (756) said that he would classify North Carolina among the States "which decline, even upon principles of comity, to recognize and enforce as to their own citizens within their own borders of divorce rendered in other States when the court rendering the same had jurisdiction over only one of the parties," but for a doubt derived from a suggestion in Bidwell v. Bidwell, 139 N.C. 402. An examination of that case does not show that North Carolina should be taken out of the class of States which decline to recognize the validity of a divorce rendered, in a court which had jurisdiction over only one of the parties. In that case the decree was rendered in South Dakota where both parties appeared personally and by counsel.
In the Bidwell case our Court said: "Where neither party has a domicile in the State of the forum, such court having no jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the controversy, a decree of divorce is void though both parties may have appeared and voluntarily submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of the court."
The suggestion referred to by Chief Justice White so having created a doubt in his mind is the following paragraph in Bidwell v. Bidwell: "The better doctrine, however, now seems to be that where the domicile of the defendant has been acquired in good faith, and not in fraud or violation of some law of a former domicile, a divorce of this kind should be recognized as binding everywhere, certainly within the jurisdiction of the United States, or any one of them."
But that suggestion does not conflict with the contention of the State in this case that the domicile in Georgia set up by the defendant was not abona fide domicile, but was obtained by fraud, and not acquired in good faith as the defendant's wife was only constructively served with process by publication. In the Bidwell case it is laid down that the *Page 801 domicile must have been acquired "in good, faith and not in fraud orviolation of some law of a former domicile."
It necessarily follows, therefore, that when the defendant set up the defense of the divorce in Georgia, the State could allege and prove bad faith and fraud of the defendant in attempting to acquire a domicile in Georgia. In Andrews v. Andrews, 188 U.S. 14, it is said that a State may hold invalid "A decree of divorce procured by its own citizens, who while retaining their domicile in the prohibiting State have gone into another State to procure a divorce in fraud of the law of the domicile."
The defendant stresses the decision of S. v. Schlacter, 61 N.C. 520, which is not in point, for in that case the marriage was in New York, and in that State the divorce was obtained, and the second marriage was also in that State — that is, "the marriage, the divorce, and the second marriage were all effected in the same State and in conformity with the laws of that State," as stated in S. v. Schlacter, supra.
In this case the first marriage took place in this State. The (757) attempted divorce and the second marriage occurred in the State of Georgia, and the parties thereafter lived together in this State in violation of the amendment to Revisal, 3361, above set out, so that the validity of the defense depends upon the bona fide of the alleged domicile in Georgia.
In Harris v. Harris, 115 N.C. 587, it is held: "A decree of divorce obtained by a wife, resident in another State, without personal service of summons upon the husband is a nullity in this State." To same effect inBell v. Bell, 181 U.S. 175, which held that "The Court in Pennsylvania had no jurisdiction of the husband's suit for divorce, because neither party had a domicile in Pennsylvania, and the decree of divorce was entitled to no faith and credit in New York or in any other State." That decision is based upon the evidence that the domicile of the husband in Pennsylvania was not bona fide and could not be inquired into a subsequent action.
In Streitwolf v. Streitwolf, 181 U.S. 179, it is said: "A judgment of divorce rendered in another State may be collaterally attacked by showing that the court was without jurisdiction either of the subjectmatter of the suit or of the person of the defendant. Thus the validity of the decree may be overcome by proof that the parties were not domiciled within the territorial jurisdiction of the foreign court."
In Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U.S. 573, it is said: "It is elementary that where the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution is invoked to compel the enforcement in one State of a decree rendered in another, the question of the jurisdiction of the court by which the *Page 802 decree was rendered is open to inquiry. And if there was no jurisdiction either of the subject-matter or of the person of the defendant, the courts of another State are not required by virtue of the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution to enforce such decree."
The Court has held in Arrington v. Arrington, 127 N.C. 197: "In all cases where the defendant is not served with legal notice, and not present in person or by attorney, the original judgment in another State is a nullity."
And in Miller v. Leach, 95 N.C. 229: "By virtue of the Constitution of the United States and acts of Congress in pursuance thereof, the judgments of other States are put upon the same footing as domestic judgments. They are conclusive of all questions involved in them, except fraud in their procurement, and whether the parties were properly brought before the court."
14 Cyc., 816 states: "If a foreign divorce is void because the court was without jurisdiction of the subject-matter or of parties, the decree is given no effect whatever in the courts of another State," and cites to sustain the proposition Thompson v. State, 28 Ala. 12, which (758) held that a void divorce obtained in another State was no defense to a prosecution for subsequent adultery, and Com. v. Bolich, 18 Pa. Co. Ct., 401, which held that a foreign divorce is no defense to a prosecution for desertion.
When a divorce is set up as the sole defense to an indictment, as in this case, the invalidity of such defense is not a collateral matter, but a legitimate reply by the State directly impeaching the defense set up.
"The courts of one State cannot determine the status of the citizens of another State. To give validity to a decree of divorce therefore at least one of the parties must be a resident of the State of the forum. Otherwise the courts of that State have no jurisdiction, and the decree will not be given extra-territorial effect." 14 Cyc., 816.
In Thompson v. Whitman, 85 U.S. 457, it is held that the constitutional provision "does not prevent inquiry into the jurisdiction of the court by which a judgment offered in evidence was rendered. The record of a judgment rendered in another State may be contradicted as to the facts necessary to give the court jurisdiction, and if it be shown that such facts did not exist, the record will be a nullity notwithstanding it may recite that they did exist."
In this case the judgment does not so recite, and while the petition does state that the petitioner (the defendant herein) had been a citizen of Georgia for twelve months, it is not even verified by his oath. The jury find "that sufficient proof has been submitted to our consideration to authorize a total divorce," but this may have been erroneous *Page 803 conclusion of law or an erroneous finding of fact by the jury. Certainly it is not an estopped upon the State in this proceeding to prove the invalidity of the decree by showing, as the jury in this case have found, that in fact the defendant in the divorce was not a bona fide citizen of Georgia, and therefore the divorce now set up is invalid as a defense.
Indeed, the defendant in his brief frankly says: "The Supreme Court of the United States has held that the full faith and credit clause does not apply to actions for divorce, and that the States alone have the right to determine what effect shall be given to the decrees of other States in this class of cases. Atherton v. Atherton, 181 U.S. 170; Haddock v. Haddock,201 U.S. 604."
As to exceptions 4, 9, 11, and 13, the charge was proper, as otherwise a decree of divorce could have been alleged which was entirely fraudulent, and the jury, though knowing this, would have been compelled to accept it. The mere offering of a decree of divorce does not prove it was valid. The court properly submitted this to the jury under the instructions given.
It was not error for the court to charge that the defendant must prove "to the satisfaction of the jury, but not beyond a reasonable doubt," that he obtained a divorce after residence for the statutory period of twelve months in Georgia. The defendant especially (759) stresses the concluding paragraph of the charge as follows: "If a reasonable doubt remains in your mind as to the guilt of the defendant, or he has satisfied you in other words that he had obtained a bona fide divorce after he had been a bona fide resident of that State for twelve months, why then you will return a verdict of not guilty."
The fact of the former marriage and of the cohabitation in this State under the second marriage both being admitted, the defendant was guilty unless he showed to the satisfaction of the jury that he had a valid divorce, as alleged. The court told the jury that "the burden is upon the defendant to prove to the satisfaction of the jury, not beyond a reasonable doubt, but to the satisfaction of the jury, that he obtained such divorce while a resident of the State of Georgia for twelve months before bringing the suit there, provided the jury find that was the law of the State of Georgia at the time," and added further, at the conclusion, "if a reasonable doubt remains in your minds as to the guilt of the defendant," to "return a verdict of not guilty."
The first marriage and the second cohabitation with another woman during the lifetime of the first being admitted, the only way to raise a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury is, as the court charged, for the defendant to prove "to the satisfaction of the jury, but not beyond a reasonable doubt," that the defendant had obtained a valid divorce — *Page 804 that is, he must satisfy the jury of such fact — otherwise he was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Exceptions 6, 7, 8, and 12, in regard to domicile, cannot be sustained. The defendant could not leave this State, go to Georgia, remaining there a few days or weeks at a time, but spending practically all of his time in this State, and thereby obtain a bona fide domicile in Georgia.
Exception 8 is to 3 1/2 pages of the printed charge relating to more than twenty separate and distinct subjects. This is a "broadside attack" upon the charge, and cannot be considered. McKinnon v. Morrison,104 N.C. 354, and cases cited thereto in Anno. Ed.; S. v. Cameron,166 N.C. 379; S. v. Wade, 169 N.C. 306.
The defendant further cites S. v. Cutshall, 110 N.C. 538, and S. v.Ray, 151 N.C. 710, as authority, but it was to change the statute in that respect so as to embrace cases of this kind that the amendment was made to Revisal, 3361, by ch. 26, Laws 1913. The undisputed evidence shows that the defendant and Stella Taylor, after the second marriage, did cohabit and live together as man and wife, which was in violation of the statute unless it was shown to the satisfaction of the jury, but not beyond a reasonable doubt, that the divorce set (760) up as a defense was valid.
This case was here before upon appeal from the conviction of the defendant, S. v. Herron, 173 N.C. 801, and for a second time the defendant has been found guilty by the jury.
No error.